Deserts are a major source of loess and may undergo substantial wind-erosion as evidenced by yardang fields, deflation pans, and wind-scoured bedrock landscapes. However, there are few quantitative estimates of bedrock removal by wind abrasion and deflation. Here, we report wind-erosion rates in the western Qaidam Basin in central China based on measurements of cosmogenic 10Be in exhumed Miocene sedimentary bedrock. Sedimentary bedrock erosion rates range from 0.05 to 0.4mm/yr, although the majority of measurements cluster at 0.125±0.05mm/yr. These results, combined with previous work, indicate that strong winds, hyper-aridity, exposure of friable Neogene strata, and ongoing rock deformation and uplift in the western Qaidam Basin have created an environment where wind, instead of water, is the dominant agent of erosion and sediment transport. Its geographic location (upwind) combined with volumetric estimates suggest that the Qaidam Basin is a major source (up to 50%) of dust to the Chinese Loess Plateau to the east. The cosmogenically derived wind erosion rates are within the range of erosion rates determined from glacial and fluvial dominated landscapes worldwide, exemplifying the effectiveness of wind to erode and transport significant quantities of bedrock. •We report 10Be-erosion rates on wind eroded bedrock surfaces, Qaidam Basin—China.•Rates are 0.05–0.4mm/yr, with the majority clustering at 0.125±0.05mm/yr.•Identify the Qaidam Basin as source for dust to the Chinese Loess Plateau.•Highlight the effectiveness of wind to erode and transport bedrock material.•Investigated abrasion and deflation and their wind-erosion efficiency.