Improving antibacterial performance is one of the prerequisites for the clinical application of bacterial cellulose (BC)-based dressings. In this study, a novel copper (Cu) ion loaded BC-based antibacterial wound dressing was prepared via codeposition of polydopamine (PDA) and copper ion. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) results showed that the copper ion/PDA coating was more uniform than the PDA coating, and the 3D nanopore structure of BC was retained in Cu @PBC. Cu ions were immobilized by forming a chelate with PDA. The thermal stability and mechanical properties of the Cu @PBC dressing decreased with the addition of copper ions. Cu @PBC-2 film with a certain amount of copper sulfate used (10 nM) exhibited favorable antibacterial properties against both S. aureus and E. coli without obvious cytotoxicity. The results of the in vivo study also demonstrated that the Cu @PBC-2 film can eliminate S. aureus infections and inflammatory response, promote collagen deposition, capillary angiogenesis, hair follicle growth and wound healing. These results suggest that the Cu @PBC-2 film has prospective application as a wound dressing.