The teaching of history and culture of indigenous peoples in Brazil has experienced significant advances in recent years driven mainly by its obligation defined by law 11,645 / 08. It is undeniable that efforts have been directed by teachers and others involved in basic education, in order to provide quality education that is able to meet the challenge of education for the exercise of diversity in its relationship with indigenous peoples. Some challenges, however, still jut on the horizon of these professionals. In this article specifically we discussed the importance of overcoming a "gap" in existing teaching materials of history to the public elementary school today, namely the little attention given to historical processes engendered in the Brazilian republican period involving the various indigenous ethnic groups. Without addressing these issues, the history of education and the culture of these people in our schools can not scale and discuss their different historical and contemporary demands.