This book draws on recent developments in research on Ferdinand de Saussure’s general linguistics to challenge the structuralist doctrine associated with the Course in General Linguistics (1916) and to propose a phenomenological interpretation of Saussure’s study of language. Such a critical as well as constructive undertaking depends on following two new editorial paradigms: a reexamination of the posthumous Course in light of the relevant sources and a reclamation of the historically authentic materials from Saussure’s Nachlass. This paradigm shift is deployed in the book to expose the difficulties surrounding the official Saussurean doctrine with its sets of oppositional pairings: the signifier and the signified, la langue and la parole, synchrony and diachrony. It serves therefore to put pressure not only on the validity of the posthumous editorial redaction of Saussure’s Course in General Linguistics but also on its structuralist and poststructuralist legacy within the works of Levi-Strauss, Lacan, and Derrida. Its constructive contribution consists in reclaiming the writings from Saussure’s Nachlass, some of them recently discovered, in the service of a linguistic phenomenology, which intersects individual expression in the present with historically sedimented social conventions. The book develops such a conception of language by engaging Saussure’s reflections with relevant writings by Hegel, Husserl, Roman Jakobson, and Merleau-Ponty. Finally, the book enriches its philosophical critique with a detailed historical account of the material and institutional processes that led to the ghostwriting and recognizing the Course as official Saussurean doctrine.