According to Greenberg, Schapiro's plug-ins included "Marx, psychoanalysis, Schiller on how we see ourselves from inside. For this reason, Greenberg linked innovation to the missteps of socially alienated artists, hardly affected by the stains of culture.13 Benefiting from "the instantaneous shock of sight" (Greenberg's term in 1945), de Kooning ambled through art history in search of arresting images, while he also admired billboards and remained alert to the play of motor oil on pavement and coffee residue in cups.14 He identified his method as "eclectic by chance" - that is, not a method.15 His example cautions me to avoid restricting my interpretative judgments to any particular context.