... we show how such principles can be applied to the development of future goals by selecting one element of wellbeing, health, and exploring the implications of each principle for its future improvement. ... expensive campaigns against poliomyelitis that disrupt community health services have seen recent set-backs, and the shift from control to elimination of malaria has been argued in Africa to be "at best irrelevant and at worst counterproductive".133 For HIV there are ambitious mathematical models suggesting that major investment in testing and early treatment could lead to overall savings in the future by reducing transmission.134 Thus sustainability for infectious diseases might have a different tenor to sustainability for health in general, for which we need to plan for ongoing and expanding costs that can be met only by a concerted and planned effort to draw on both domestic and external finance, including from innovative sources.34 This is especially the case as the non communicable disease burden rises as the epidemiological transition proceeds.