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Windle, Christopher D.; Pastor, Ernest; Reynal, Anna; Whitwood, Adrian C.; Vaynzof, Yana; Durrant, James R.; Perutz, Robin N.; Reisner, Erwin
Chemistry : a European journal, February 23, 2015, Letnik: 21, Številka: 9Journal Article
The photocatalytic activity of phosphonated Re complexes, Re(2,2′‐bipyridine‐4,4′‐bisphosphonic acid) (CO)3(L) (ReP; L=3‐picoline or bromide) immobilised on TiO2 nanoparticles is reported. The heterogenised Re catalyst on the semiconductor, ReP–TiO2 hybrid, displays an improvement in CO2 reduction photocatalysis. A high turnover number (TON) of 48 molCO molRe−1 is observed in DMF with the electron donor triethanolamine at λ>420 nm. ReP–TiO2 compares favourably to previously reported homogeneous systems and is the highest TON reported to date for a CO2‐reducing Re photocatalyst under visible light irradiation. Photocatalytic CO2 reduction is even observed with ReP–TiO2 at wavelengths of λ>495 nm. Infrared and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopies confirm that an intact ReP catalyst is present on the TiO2 surface before and during catalysis. Transient absorption spectroscopy suggests that the high activity upon heterogenisation is due to an increase in the lifetime of the immobilised anionic Re intermediate (t50 %>1 s for ReP–TiO2 compared with t50 %=60 ms for ReP in solution) and immobilisation might also reduce the formation of inactive Re dimers. This study demonstrates that the activity of a homogeneous photocatalyst can be improved through immobilisation on a metal oxide surface by favourably modifying its photochemical kinetics. Better on TiO2: A molecular Re complex (see scheme; TON=turnover number) is a more efficient CO2 reduction photocatalyst when immobilised on TiO2 than in solution. Transient absorption measurements suggest that this is due to an increased lifetime of the reduced catalytic intermediate when on the surface.
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