Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are infections that patients can get while receiving medical care. These infections are often preventable and represent one of the most common adverse events in health care. Patients with medical devices (central lines, urinary catheters and ventilators) or who undergo surgical procedures are at risk of acquiring HAIs. The most common HAIs are surgical site infections, urinary tract infections, pneumonia, bloodstream infections and Clostridioides difficile infections. This review takes into consideration the aspects of both prevention and treatment of the most common HAIs and the aspects related to a possible behavior change among health-care workers in the surgical setting.