•Thermocouples installed in oscillating heat pipe (OHP) for fluid temperature measurements.•Conduction along tube wall of OHP can be ∼10% of the overall heat transfer.•Tubular OHP measured to have internal Nusselt number between 4 and 6.•Internal OHP temperature oscillations have larger amplitudes than external.•Thermal conductivity of OHP is higher when considering internal fluid temperatures. The current study examines the relationship between internal/fluidic and external/wall temperature measurements along the adiabatic section of an operating tubular oscillating heat pipe (T-OHP) for varying heat inputs. Temperature measurements were achieved using type-T thermocouples located either inside or along the OHP wall in the region between the evaporator and condenser. Measurements were utilized to elucidate the effects of wall thermal capacitance, external wall temperature gradient, and internal fluid advection. The internal, single-phase heat transfer coefficient was estimated, and the effective thermal conductivity of the OHP was determined. A 4-turn copper T-OHP (3.25mm ID) was charged with water (75% by volume) and tested in the bottom-heating condition. Heat input was varied in increments of 25W from 60W to 300W. Results indicate that the external thermocouples were unable to capture frequency components larger than ∼1Hz. Internal measurements indicate that average, evaporator-side fluid oscillation frequencies varied from ∼1.5Hz at 60W to ∼2.5Hz at 300W, whereas condenser-side frequencies remained fairly constant at ∼0.5Hz. The frequency transfer function corresponding to the thermal resistance network between the internal/external thermocouples was found to be constant across all tested power inputs. The low-frequency, large-amplitude changes in internal temperature associated with bulk fluid motion were not immediately measured at the external OHP tube surface. The effective thermal conductivity calculated using only external temperature measurements was found to be 4–12% lower than that calculated using internal measurements. The maximum, calculated effective thermal conductivity using internal or external temperature measurements was 15,300W/m·K and 14,000W/m·K, respectively. This difference arises from there being a smaller, length-wise temperature gradient along the fluid columns than along the tube wall due to the strong advection component of OHP heat transfer. Tube wall conduction was found to account for 2–10% of the overall heat transfer, with its significance decreasing as fluid advection increased at higher heat inputs. The heat transfer coefficient for single-phase fluid oscillation inside the OHP was estimated to be ∼1000W/m2K for power inputs larger than 100W; corresponding to Nusselt numbers between 4 and 6.