Chain of custody of digital evidence in digital forensic field are today essential part of digital investigation process. In order the evidence to be accepted by the court as valid, chain of custody ...for digital evidence must be kept, or it must be known who exactly, when, where, why and how came into contact with evidence in each stage of the digital investigations process. This paper deals with digital evidence and chain of custody of digital evidence. Authors define taxonomy and use an ontological approach to manage chain of custody of digital evidence. The aim of this paper was to develop ontology to provide a new approach to study and better
understand chain of custody of digital evidence . Additionally, developed ontology can be used as a method to further develop a set of standard and procedures for secure management with digital evidence.
Biometric systems play an important role in digital investigation process as a important factor of authentication and verification applications, since they are strongly linked to the holder of a ...biometric traits and possible suspect. Thus it is important that biometric systems can be designed to withstand attacks when employed in security-critical applications, especially in unattended remote applications such as energy plants, access to borders at airports, ecommerce etc. Biometric recognition either raises important legal issues of remediation, authority, and reliability, and, of course, privacy. The standard assumptions of the technologists who design new techniques, capabilities, and systems are very different from those embedded in the legal system. Legal precedent on the use of biometric technology is growing, with some key cases going back decades and other more recent cases having raised serious questions about the admissibility of biometric evidence in court. In this paper authors is about to explain influence of reliability of biometric system on general acceptance of digital evidence in Court of Justice process. Through paper authors are also about to propose vulnerability assessment of biometric system as improvement factor of reliability of existing methodology for preserving chain of custody of digital evidence called DEMF (Digital Evidence Management Framework). Improvement proposal is presented as an introduction of phase of biometric vulnerability evaluation methodology within proposed framework called APDEMF (Admissibility procedure of DEMF). Using UML (Universal Modeling Language) modeling methodology authors are about to represent a APDEMF framework which will describe essential phases of the same process.
To our knowledge there are no data about the relationship between elevated risk for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and altered cardiac autonomic function. The aim of this study was to ...evaluate the association between heart rate variability (HRV) and slightly increased risk for DM2.
We evaluated 69 subjects (50.0 ± 14.4 years; 30 male) without DM2, coronary artery disease and arrhythmias. The subjects were divided into two groups according to the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC): group I (n = 39) included subjects with 12 > FINDRISC ≥ 7; group II (n = 30) subjects with FINDRISC < 7. HRV was derived from 24-h electrocardiogram. We used time domain variables and frequency domain analysis performed over the entire 24-h period, during the day (06-22 h) and overnight (22-06 h).
Standard deviation of the average normal RR intervals was significantly lower in the group with increased risk for DM2 compared to the group II (127.1 ± 26.6 ms vs 149.6 ± 57.6 ms; p = 0.035). Other time domain measures were similar in both groups. The group I demonstrated significantly reduced frequency domain measures, total power--TP (7.2 ± 0.3 ln/ms2 vs 7.3 ± 0.3 ln/ms2; p = 0.029), and low frequency--LF (5.9 ± 0.4 ln/ms2 vs 6.3 ± 0.6 In/ms2; p = 0.006), over entire 24 h, as well as TP (7.1 ± 0.3 In/ms2 vs 7.3 ± 0.3 In/ms2; p = 0.004), very low frequency (6.2 ± 0.2 In/ms2 vs 6.3 ± 0.2 In/ms2; p = 0.030), LF (5.9 ± 0.4 In/ms2 vs 6.2 ± 0.3 In/ms2; p = 0.000) and high frequency (5.7 ± 0.4 In/ms2 vs 5.9 ± 0.4 In/ms2; p = 0.011) during the daytime compared to the group II. Nocturnal frequency domain analysis was similar between the groups. The low diurnal frequency was independently related to elevated risk for diabetes mellitus (beta = -0,331; p = 0.006).
The obtained results suggest that even slightly elevated risk for developing diabetes mellitus may be related to impaired HRV.
Exercise is a well recognized model of oxidative stress and, also, an important tool in diabetes management. The aim of our study was to evaluate oxidative stress in patients with diabetes mellitus ...type 2 and to determine influence of acute exercise training on the investigated parameters.
To evaluate oxidative stress in the patients, we determinated following parameters: triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), oxidized LDL cholesterol (Ox LDL), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) which were measured at rest and immediately after the acute bout of cardiopulmonary exercise cycle-ergometer test.
In basal condition, diabetic patients compared to controls have significant higher values of TG (3.12 +/- 1.09 vs 1.74 +/- 0.9 mmol/L, p < 0.01), Ox LDL (84.73 +/- 16.90 vs 79.00 +/- 29.26 mmol/L, p < 0.05) and SOD enzyme activity (913.38 +/- 120.36 vs 877.14 +/- 153.18 U/g Hb, p < 0.05). During the acute exercise test, there was significant increase of Ox LDL in both the study patients (from 84.73 +/- 16.90 to 92.33 +/- 23.29 mmol/L, p < 0.05) and in the control group (from 79.00 +/- 29.26 to 89.30 +/- 29.07 mmol/L, p < 0.05). SOD activity was significantly increased in both groups during exercise, in diabetic patients from 913.38 +/- 120.36 to 921.50 +/- 130.03 U/gHb, p < 0.05, and in the controls from 877.14 +/- 153.18 to 895.00 +/- 193.49, U/gHb, p < 0.05. GSH-Px activity was significantly increased only in the diabetic patients after the acute exercise (from 45.04 +/- 11.19 to 51.81 +/- 15.07 U/gHb, p < 0.01), but not in the controls (from 44.63 +/- 13.73 to 43.97 +/- 25.97 U/gHb, p = ns). PAI significantly decreased during the exercise test, only in the healthy subjects (from 2.60 +/- 0.35 to 2.22 +/- 0.65, p < 0.05). Type 2 diabetic patients with complications had only significant increase in GSH-Px activity (from 47.10 +/- 7.37 to 54.52 +/- 11.97 U/gHb, p < 0.01).
Elevated Ox LDL, SOD and GSH-Px levels are associated with acute exercise in type 2 diabetic patients. We suggest that it could be a compensatory mechanism to preventing free radicals tissue damage. We hypothesize that a physical training program induces an enhance of muscular and liver antioxidant enzymes activity and reduces oxidative stress. Further studies are needed to explore the relationship between exercise and antioxidant system in diabetic patients with and without complications.
Exercise can positively influence risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease. The mechanisms by which exercise reduces atherogenic risk remain unknown. The aim of the present study was to ...investigate the effect of acute exercise (cardiopulmonary exercise cycle ergometer test) on atherogenic lipids in untreated mild hypertensive patients with or without hypercholesterolemia. This testing allows determination of exercise capacity, peak heart rate, and ventilation per minute (VE), peak oxygen uptake (pVO2) and exercise time (ET).
The study group included 85 untreated mild hypertensive patients (according to VII Joint National Committee--JNC 7) divided into two subgroups: hypertensive hypercholesterolemic and hypertensive normocholesterolemic. The control grouip included 35 normotensive subjects divided into two subgroups: normotensive hypercholesterolemic and normotensive normocholesterolemic. Lipid profiles to determine were oxidized LDL (OxLDL)--a marker of oxidative stress, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol, which were measured at rest and 30 minutes after the acute bout of cardiopulmonary exercise cycle ergometer test. Lipids profiles were measured by enzymatic methods. Oxidized LDL was determined by a commercially available sandwich ELISA (Mercodia AB, Uppsala, Sweden). C-reactive protein (CRP) was measured using chemiluminiscent methods (Immulite-DPC).
In our study OxLDL was significantly higher in hypertensive patients with atherogenic lipid profiles in basal condition, compared to the hypertensive patients without atherogenic lipid profiles and controls. There was a significant difference in CRP (p < 0.001) between hypercholesterolemics (hypertensive and normotensive) and normocholesterolemics (hypertensive and normotensive). We found increased OxLDL after exercise in both groups (hypertensive patients and normotensive), but only in the hypertensive hypercholesterolemic patients the difference was statistically significant (90.47 +/- 15.31 vs. 105.94 +/- 14.17 IU/L, p < 0.001). Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly higher during exercise only in the hypertensive patients. There were significantly lower values of pVO2 only in hypertensive hypercholesterolemic patients. There were no significant differences between hypertensive and normotensive ones for ET and VE. In hypertensive ones we found after exercise a negative correlation between pVO2 and OxLDL (r = -0.473; p < 0.05), and pVO2 and CRP (r = -0.478; p < 0.05). We also found in normotensive normocholesterolemic patients a positive correlation between VE and systolic blood pressure (r = 0.420; p < 0.05), a negative correlation between VE and OxLDL (r= -0.421; p < 0.05), and VE and CRP (r = -0.561; p < 0.05).
This study showed that acute exercise induces and increases oxidative stress only in untreated mild hypertensive patients with atherogenic lipid profiles. These results imply the need to normalize atherogenic lipid profile in untreated patients with mild hypertension in order to prevent an increased lipid peroxidation under acute exercise.
This paper describes the important things that should be done in the first phase of development of integrated model for Health Promotion in Medical Informatics also giving a lot of concernt to ...detection and adaptation as well as risk analysis. After finishing the first phase, guidelines for further development will be determined.
Many studies support the hypothesis that oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenic process of a variety of diseases including hypertension. In humans, hypertension is also considered a state of ...oxidative stress that can contribute to the development of arteriosclerosis and other hypertension-induced organ damage. The aim of this study was to evaluate an influence of acute physical exercise on antioxidative enzymes activity and lipid status in patients with hypertension.
Fourty patients with hypertension and 20 age-matched controls were included in the study. To assess an influence of acute exercise on lipids and antioxidative enzymes activity the following parameters were determined at rest and immediately after the acute cardiopulmonary exercise cycloergometer test: triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol, low density cholesterol (LDL), oxidised LDL cholesterol (OxLDL), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI).
In basal condition, hypertensive patients compared to the control group had increased, but not significantly, level of Ox LDL (88.61 +/- 14.06 vs 79.00 +/- 29.26 mmol/L), PAI (3.06 +/- 0.56 vs 2.6 +/- 0.35 U/mL) and activity of GSH-Px (50.22 +/- 15.20 vs 44.63 +/- 13.73 U/g Hb). After acute exercise test, there was significantly greater level of Ox LDL (79.0 +/- 29.26 vs 89.3 +/- 29.07 mmol/L; p < 0.05) only in the control group. GSH-Px activity was significantly decreased only in hypertensive patients after acute exercise (50.22 +/- 15.2 vs 42.82 +/- 13.42 U/g Hb; p < 0.05), but not in the controls.
No significantly elevated Ox LDL, GSH-Px and PAI-1 levels were found in hypertensive patients during basal condition in comparison with healthy subjects. Decreased GSH-Px activity was associated with those in acute exercise only in hypertensive patients. It could be an important indicator of deficiency of physiological antioxidative defense mechanism in hypertensive patients during an acute exercise.
It is well known that patients with coronary artery disease and viable tissue as a guarantee of contractile recovery (CR), despite of decreasing ejection fraction (EF) and systolic dysfunction, could ...have benefit from surgical revascularization. Therefore, relationship between diastolic filling type and early postoperative recovery and complications need to be established. The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between different left ventricular (LV) diastolic filling types and CR in patients after surgical revascularization with differently preserved systolic function.
We investigated 60 patients. All of them had CR estimated by stress echocardiography regardless the extent of recovery of the heart systolic function. Echocardiographic evidence of diastolic dysfunction was estimated by Doppler examination of transmitral diastolic flow. According to the derived different diastolic filling types the patients were divided into three groups: I--patients with disorder of LV relaxation, II--with pseudovascularisation, and III--with restrictive filling type, and according to the value of systolic function into two subgroups: (1) relatively recovered systolic function--EF > 40% and (2) pronounced LV dysfunction--EF < 40%. Echocardiographic evaluation was performed before and two week after surgical revascularization. In the preoperative period the medication therapy was optimized. We estimated CR by echocardiografic pare meters but also by detection of cardiovascular events.
After CABG the mean value of WMISI LV tended to decrease in any groups: in the group I (n = 12) from 1.64 +/- 0.22 to 1.34 +/- 0.22; in the group II (n = 22) from 1.85 +/- 0.16 to 1.53 +/- 0.42, and in the group III (n=26) from 1.92 +/- 0.29 to 1.81 +/- 0.52. The lowest improvement of systolic function according to EF value expressed by the number of patients was found in the group of patients with restrictive LV filling type (12; 53.8%) as contrasting to the group with pseudonormalisation (15; 78.9%). In the group of patients with restrictive diastolic filling type also was recorded the highest number of lethal outcomes (6; 23.1%), as well as cardiovascular complications (10; 38.5%).
Restrictive LV diastolic filling type was the marker of poor prognosis in the patients with clinical heart failure undergoing surgical revascularization. The patients with heart failure and preserved systolic function were associated with similar prognosis.
Biometric systems play an important role in digital investigation process as a important factor of authentication and verification applications, since they are strongly linked to the holder of a ...biometric traits and possible suspect. Thus it is important that biometric systems can be designed to withstand attacks when employed in security-critical applications, especially in unattended remote applications such as energy plants, access to borders at airports, ecommerce etc. Biometric recognition either raises important legal issues of remediation, authority, and reliability, and, of course, privacy. The standard assumptions of the technologists who design new techniques, capabilities, and systems are very different from those embedded in the legal system. Legal precedent on the use of biometric technology is growing, with some key cases going back decades and other more recent cases having raised serious questions about the admissibility of biometric evidence in court. In this paper authors is about to explain influence of reliability of biometric system on general acceptance of digital evidence in Court of Justice process. Through paper authors are also about to propose vulnerability assessment of biometric system as improvementfactor of reliability of existing methodology for preserving chain of custody of digital evidence called DEMF (Digital Evidence Management Framework). Improvement proposal is presented as an introduction of phase of biometric vulnerability evaluation methodology within proposedframework called APDEMF (Admissibility procedure of DEMF). Using UML (Universal Modeling Language) modeling methodology authors are about to represent a APDEMF framework which will describe essential phases of the same process.
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