Pokus s različitim varijantama suzbijanja korova u usjevu kukuruza proveden je u 2021. godini na lokaciji pored naselja Markovo Polje na praškasto ilovastom tlu. Primijenjene su tri varijante ...suzbijanja korova: 1. mehaničko suzbijanje korova između redova kukuruza motokultivatorom, a unutar redova ručno okopavanje motikom, 2. mehaničko suzbijanje korova samo između redova kukuruza motokultivatorom bez suzbijanja unutar redova, 3. bez ikakvog suzbijanja korova. Na pokusnom polju je pronađeno 14 različitih vrsta korova od kojih su prevladavali Amaranthus retroflexus (običan štir), Ambrosia artemisiifolia (ambrozija), Chenopodium album (bijela loboda) i Sorghum halepense (divlji sirak). Najmanja zakorovljenost pokusnih parcela očekivano je bila na parcelama gdje je primijenjena varijanta 1 suzbijanja korova, kod varijante 2 je prosječna masa korova po 1 m2 bila 223%, a kod varijante 3 čak 334% veća u odnosu na varijantu 1. Prinosi kukuruza su bili obrnuto proporcionalni sa zakorovljenosti pokusnih parcela, najviši prinosi su ostvareni kod varijante 1 s prosjekom od 6015 kg ha-1, kod varijante 2 prosječni prinos je bio 2907 kg ha-1, a kod varijante 3 1242 kg ha-1. Kombinacija mehaničkog suzbijanja korova i ručnog okopavanja može biti alternativa korištenju herbicida na manjim obiteljskim gospodarstvima i u ekološkom uzgoju kukuruza.
Suzbijanje korova jedan je od najvažnijih čimbenika u svim poljoprivrednim biljnim proizvodnjama, a osobito u ratarskoj proizvodnji zbog velikih površina na kojima se ona odvija. Nakon otkrića visoko ...učinkovitih herbicida suzbijanje korova u poljoprivredi godinama se provodilo gotovo isključivo kemijskim metodama, ali intenzivna uporaba kemijskih sredstava je rezultirala značajnim negativnim učincima na okoliš i ljudsko zdravlje. Veliki napredak u elektronici i računalnim tehnologijama te razvoj sustava za navođenje vozila zajedno s uvođenjem precizne poljoprivrede su otvorili mogućnost korištenja robota u suzbijanju korova. Posljednjih godina su razvijeni robotski sustavi s različitim metodama suzbijanja korova kao što su selektivna kemijska aplikacija, mehaničko uklanjanje korova, korištenje plamena, pare, električnog pražnjenja i lasera. U radu su navedeni primjeri različitih izvedbi robota za suzbijanje korova.
Energetske kulture su sve kulture koje se uzgajaju s krajnjim ciljem proizvodnje energije, a karakterizira ih visok prinos po jedinici površine, niska agrotehnička ulaganja te mogućnost konverzije u ...različite oblike biogoriva. Kako bi se smanjila potrošnja primarne energije, a povećala efikasnost proizvodnje i prikupljana biomase energetskih kultura, u novije vrijeme je poseban naglasak stavljen na razvoj suvremene mehanizacije. Proizvođači nude različita tehnička i tehnološka rješenja, a cilj ovoga rada je predstaviti značajnije trendove razvoja poljoprivredne mehanizacije za žetvu i prikupljanje energetskih kultura.
The aim of this study was to compare physical, morphological and mechanical characteristics of eggs collected from two duck breeds (Pekin duck and Cherry Valley duck). A total sample of 120 eggs (60 ...eggs of each duck breed) was collected from one-year-old free range raised ducks. The Cherry Valley duck eggs were significantly heavier (94.23 vs. 71.91 g) than Pekin ducks (P<0.01), had larger dimensions and higher shape index (73.80 vs. 70.16). There was no statistical difference between egg specific gravity. According to egg components proportion, the Cherry Valley duck eggs had higher percentage of albumen, while the Peking duck eggs had higher percentages of yolk and shell. The Pekin duck eggs had significantly higher yolk to albumen ratio and Haugh unit value (P<0.01). The average force required to rupture Cherry Valley duck eggs in all three axes (50.32 N) was significantly higher (P<0.01) than average force required to rupture Pekin duck eggs (42.64 N). The highest egg rupture force at both duck breeds tested in this study was determined in loading along the X-front axis, while the least resistance to rupture force was determined along the Z-axis.
Umjetna inteligencija (AI) i strojno učenje (ML ) sve su prisutniji u poljoprivrednom sektoru pa tako i u proizvodnji krmnih smjesa, gdje omogućuju proizvođačima optimizaciju procesa proizvodnje, ...smanjenje troškova i poboljšanje učinkovitosti. Implementacija nelinearnih modela, poput umjetnih neuronskih mreža (UNM ), u ovoj domeni omogućava prepoznavanje uzoraka i rješavanje kompleksnih problema povezanih s krmnim smjesama. Primjena UNM u tehnologiji proizvodnje krmnih smjesa, uz ispravno odabranu strukturu, algoritme učenja i prijenosne funkcije, omogućava naprednu optimizaciju procesa, uključujući upravljanje proizvodnim postrojenjem, skladištenje i transport sirovina. Ovi modeli pružaju nove mogućnosti za poboljšanje kvalitete krajnjeg proizvoda, uzimajući u obzir sve faktore koji na nju utječu. Kroz ovu prilagodbu, AI pruža alate za brzo i učinkovito donošenje odluka, što rezultira poboljšanom automatizacijom i učinkovitosti u proizvodnji krmnih smjesa.
Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are increasingly present in agriculture, particularly in the production of feed mixtures, where they enable producers to optimize production processes, reduce costs, and improve efficiency. The implementation of nonlinear models, such as artificial neural networks (UNM), in this field enables pattern recognition and the solution of complex problems related to feed mixtures. The application of UNM in the technology of feed mixture production, with a properly chosen structure, learning algorithms and transfer functions, allows advanced optimization of the process, including the management of the production plant, storage and transportation of materials. These models offer new opportunities to improve the quality of the final product, taking into account all the factors that influence it. Through this customization, AI provides tools for fast and efficient decision making, leading to improved automation and efficiency in compound feed production.
The agricultural biomass classification includes the biomass obtained from fast growing energy crops. One of these crops is the perennial grass Miscanthus x giganteus, which after the third and ...fourth year of plantation forms a high-density stand with exceptionally high and firm shoots. Thus, special emphasis should be put on the harvesting systems. For Miscanthus harvesting, haymaking and silage making machinery is mainly used by applying single-phase or multi-phase techniques. The aim of this paper is to give an overview of the Miscanthus x giganteus biomass harvesting systems with regard to the form of harvested biomass, either shredded or/and baled biomass. In addition to application of fertilizers, biomass harvest is the only agro-technical measure that is used when a plantation reaches full maturity and it should be applied with the lowest possible energy input and biomass loss. Due to increased interest in production of energy from Miscanthus x giganteus biomass, the existing machinery is being adjusted to these new requirements and new specialised machines are being developed.
The objective of this study was to determine the influence of housing system on the physical, morphological, and mechanical properties of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) eggs. A total of ...240 eggs were collected from Japanese quails kept in two different housing systems: cage housing and aviary housing system (120 eggs from each housing system). Eggs from cage housing system were significantly (P<0.05) heavier than eggs from aviary housing system (11.85 g vs. 10.93 g), and were also longer, wider and had significantly (P<0.05) larger geometric mean diameter, surface area and volume. No statistically significant difference in albumen and yolk content was observed between eggs from cage and aviary housing system. Eggs from aviary housing system had significantly higher shell content and shell strength and required greater force to eggshell breaking. The average force required to breaking the shell of Japanese quail eggs from cage and aviary housing system in all three axes was 14.36 N and 12.70 N, respectively.
Nitrate leaching through soil layers to groundwater may cause significant degradation of natural resources. The aims of this study were: (i) to estimate soil hydraulic properties (SHPs) of the ...similar soil type with same management on various locations; (ii) to determine annual water dynamics; and (iii) to estimate the impact of subsoil horizon properties on nitrate leaching. The final goal was to compare the influence of different SHPs and layering on water dynamics and nitrate leaching. The study was conducted in central Croatia (Zagreb), at four locations on Calcaric Phaeozem, Calcaric Regosol, and Calcaric Fluvic Phaeozem soil types. Soil hydraulic parameters were estimated using the HYPROP system and HYPROP-FIT software. Water dynamics and nitrate leaching were evaluated using HYDRUS 2D/3D during a period of 365 days. The amount of water in the soil under saturated conditions varied from 0.422 to 0.535 cm3 cm−3 while the hydraulic conductivity varied from 3 cm day−1 to 990.9 cm day−1. Even though all locations have the same land use and climatic conditions with similar physical properties, hydraulic parameters varied substantially. The amount and velocity of transported nitrate (HYDRUS 2D/3D) were affected by reduced hydraulic conductivity of the subsoil as nitrates are primarily transported via advective flux. Despite the large differences in SHPs of the topsoil layers, the deeper soil layers, having similar SHPs, imposed a buffering effect preventing faster nitrate downward transport. This contributed to a very similar distribution of nitrates through the soil profile at the end of simulation period. This case study indicated the importance of carefully selecting relevant parameters in multilayered soil systems when evaluating groundwater pollution risk.
The aim of this paper was to quantify soil compaction induced by tractor traffic on untilled wet silty loam soil (Mollic Fluvisol). Changes in penetration resistance, bulk density and total porosity ...were measured for detecting the soil compaction. Treatments include ten passes of a four-wheel drive tractor with the engine power of 54.0 kW and weight of 3560 kg (1580 kg on the front axle and 1980 kg on the rear axle, 2.41 m distance between axles). The tyres on the tractor were cross-ply, front 11.2-24 and rear 16.9-30, with the inflation pressure of 160 kPa and 100 kPa, respectively. The speed of tractor during passes over experimental plots was 5.0 km h-1. In comparison to control, each tractor pass induced an increase in soil penetration resistance at all depths, and the average increment ratios, determined as the average of all layers, were 9.8, 18.5 and 26.1% after one, five and ten passes, respectively. The bulk density also increased with number of tractor passes, but with less percentage increasing. The increment ratios comparison to the control were 3.6, 9.5 and 12.9% after one, five and ten passes, respectively. The total porosity decreased with the number of passes, and the decrement ratios were 4.5, 16.5 and 20.8% after one, five and ten passes, respectively.
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