•A new hybrid Land Surface Temperature (LST) reconstruction method is developed.•Performance indicators of the developed method are R2 = 0.94 and RMSE = 1.84°K.•Gapless LST data is used to downscale ...Surface Soil Moisture with Random Forest.•SMAP SSM L4 downscaled to 1 km accuracy with mean R (0.82) and ubRMSE (0.06 cm3/cm3).•Using antecedent precipitation as variable increased training performance (R2) from 0.76 to 0.93.
Downscaling of soil moisture data is important for high resolution hydrological modeling. Most downscaling studies in the literature have used spatially discontinuous land surface temperature (LST) maps as the main auxiliary parameter, which limits the creation of continuous soil moisture maps. The number of studies on soil moisture downscaling with machine learning that use gapless LST maps is limited. With this motivation, a hybrid reconstruction method has been proposed in this study to practically obtain continuous LST maps, which are then used to produce high resolution surface soil moisture (SSM) datasets. The proposed method is shown to have high mean performance with R2 and RMSE values of 0.94 and 1.84°K, respectively, for the period between 2019 and 2022. The developed reconstructed LST maps were then used to downscale original 9 km spatial resolution soil moisture datasets of SMAP L3 and SMAP L4 with Random Forest (RF) machine learning algorithm. The RF model were run with four different rainfall datasets, and the MSWEP rainfall dataset was found to produce the best results. The use of antecedent rainfall values as input variables in machine learning models has been shown to improve the performance of the models R2 0.76 to 0.93. The accuracy of the downscaled data was later evaluated for Western Anatolia Basins (WAB) in Türkiye with 31 in-situ stations. The downscaled SMAP L4 had good average statistical indicators R (0.815 ± 0.1), RMSE (0.09 ± 0.047 cm3/cm3), and ubRMSE (0.058 ± 0.025 cm3/cm3). Downscaled SMAP L3 was also validated with in-situ observations with satisfactory R (0.79 ± 0.074), RMSE (0.09 ± 0.043 cm3/cm3), and ubRMSE (0.06 ± 0.026 cm3/cm3) statistics. Furthermore, the performance of the downscaled SMAP L3 was also cross validated with SMAP + Sentinel 1 (L2) dataset between 2019 and 2022. The mean statistics of R (0.761 ± 0.11) and Root Mean Squared Difference (RMSD) (0.05 ± 0.014 cm3/cm3) between downscaled SMAP L3 and L2 data revealed that the new reconstruction method of LST used in the RF model for downscaling of soil moisture performed well to obtain high resolution soil moisture datasets. The proposed technique also overcame the difficulties associated with coastal regions where data was masked for quality considerations, by not only enhancing overall spatial resolution but also filling these data gaps and giving a complete SSM coverage.
The intensity of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) expression increases as the tumor grade increases and the uptake of Ga-68-PSMA is higher in high-grade tumors. The aim of the present study ...was to evaluate the correlation of preoperative tracer uptake of primary tumor to Gleason Score in patients who underwent prostatectomy.
We retrospectively evaluated 141 patients who had Ga-68-PSMA positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging and who underwent prostatectomy. All patients had a diagnosis of prostate cancer on the basis of 10-24 cores transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy (TRUS-Bx). Histological assessment was performed according to the New Contemporary Prostate Cancer Grading System. All patients had a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level measurement within maximum of 28 days before Ga-68-PSMA PET/CT. Region of interests were drawn manually around the prostate gland, avoiding the bladder activity, to calculate the maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmax) values.
The median PSA values for all patients were 10.0 ng/ml. PSA values for low-risk patients were significantly lower than those of high-risk patients (P<0.001). There were 41.1% upgrades and 7.8% downgrades following prostatectomy in terms of Grade Groups. According to the final pathology reports, 21% (n=16) of patients moved from a low-risk level (grade groups 1+2) to a high-risk level (grade groups 3+4+5). The median SUVmax value was 8.8, ranging from 2.1 to 62.4. There was a strong correlation between SUVmax values and grade groups (Pearson ρ=0.66) (P<0.001). The mean SUVmax values of high-risk patients were significantly higher than those of low-risk patients (18.9±12.1 vs. 7.16±6.2, respectively) (P<0.001). Receiver operation characteristic curve analysis of SUVmax at the cut-off value of 9.1 showed a high sensitivity (78%) and specificity (81%) for detection of high risk disease.
SUVmax values correlate significantly with the grade groups of the primary tumor. The intraprostatic accumulation sites may predict clinically significant cancer and potentially serve as a target for biopsy sampling in conjunction with mpMRI in selected patients.
In this study, synthesis of two new tetracyanocadmate(II) and tetracyanozincate(II) complexes based on 3-aminopyridine (3AP) and investigation of their structural properties were reported. These ...complexes were characterized by using vibration spectroscopy, elemental, thermal analysis and single crystal X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD) techniques. Investigation of the elemental, spectral and single crystal data of these complexes showed that the formulas Cd(3AP)
2
Zn(μ
4
-CN)
4
n
(
1
) and Cd(3AP)
2
Cd(μ
4
-CN)
4
n
(
2
) fully explained their crystal structure. General information about the structural and chemical properties of these complexes obtained in single crystal form was obtained by observing the changes in the characteristic peaks of the 3AP with the Zn(μ
4
-CN)
4
2-
and Cd(μ
4
-CN)
4
2-
structures that make up these complexes. The behaviors of these complexes against changes in temperature were obtained by examining the temperature-dependent changes of their mass. The asymmetric unit of the heterometallic complexes 1 and 2 consist of half Cd(II) ion, half M ion M = Zn1 in
1
and Cd2 in
2
, two cyanide ligands and one 3AP.
In this study, synthesis of two new heteronuclear tetracyanonickelate(II) clathrates based on 4-aminopyridine (4AP) and guest water (H
O) molecule and investigation of their structural properties ...were reported. These clathrates were characterized by using vibration spectroscopy, elemental, thermal analysis and single crystal X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD) techniques. Examining the elemental and spectral data of these clathrates, it was observed that the formulas Zn(II)(4AP)
Ni(µ-CN)
(CN)
·6H
O and Cu(II)(4AP)
Ni(µ-CN)
(CN)
·H
O were defined their structures. General information about the structural properties of these clathrates in single crystal form has been obtained by considering the changes in the characteristic peaks of the cyanide group and the 4AP that formed them. The thermal behaviors of these clathrates were obtained by examining the temperature-dependent changes of their masses. The magnetic susceptibilities of these clathrates in single crystal form were measured with a Gouy balance. According to the data obtained using SC-XRD technique, the heterometallic Zn(II)(4AP)
Ni(µ-CN)
(CN)
·6H
O compound has
and the heterometallic Cu(II)(4AP)
Ni(µ-CN)
(CN)
·H
O compound has crystal structures in the
/
space group.
Amorphous TixOy with high surface area has attracted significant interest as photocatalyst with higher activity in ultraviolet (UV) light‐induced water splitting applications compared to commercial ...nanocrystalline TiO2. Under photocatalytic operation conditions, the structure of the molecular titanium alkoxide precursor rearranges upon hydrolysis and leads to higher connectivity of the structure‐building units. Structurally ordered domains with sizes smaller than 7 Å form larger aggregates. The experimental scattering data can be explained best with a structure model consisting of an anatase‐like core and a distorted shell. Upon exposure to UV light, the white TixOy suspension turns dark corresponding to the reduction of Ti4+ to Ti3+ as confirmed by electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). Heat‐induced crystallisation was followed by in situ temperature‐dependent total scattering experiments. First, ordering in the Ti−O environment takes place upon to 350 °C. Above this temperature, the distorted anatase core starts to grow but the structure obtained at 400 °C is still not fully ordered.
The formation mechanism of amorphous TixOy photocatalysts was studied by X‐ray total scattering experiments and subsequent PDF analysis starting from titanium(IV) ethoxide precursor. Effects of the colour change upon UV illumination on the local Ti environment were investigated by PDF analysis and EELS. Transformation of amorphous TixOy to anatase‐TiO2 by calcination was further examined by in situ temperature dependent experiments.
The primary purpose of this study is to develop an asymptotic formulation for boundary value problems in a non-local elastic half-space. For the sake of simplicity, the non-locality is limited to the ...vertical direction, which is represented by a one-dimensional exponential kernel, and the problem is formulated within the framework of Eringen’s theory. The proposed asymptotic approach is based on the assumption that the internal characteristic length is significantly smaller than a typical wavelength. This assumption allows for the development of an asymptotic formulation that expresses the considered boundary value problem in terms of local stresses. Additionally, the formulation includes explicit correction terms to the classical boundary conditions, which arise from the non-local effects. As an example application of the derived formulation, the Rayleigh surface waves in a plane strain problem are considered. Finally, numerical results are presented for certain specific values of elastic parameters to illustrate the effects of non-locality on the analyzed system.
Activation behavior of an AB2, namely (Ti0.36Zr0.64) (V0.15Ni0.58Mn0.20Cr0.07)2 Laves phase alloy, was investigated with regards to; particle size, ball milling and hot alkaline treatments. ...Galvanostatic cycling in open cells showed that an untreated alloy initially had almost no capacity, but reached a value of 220 mAh/g after 14 cycles. Experiments with different particle sizes showed that coarse particles activate faster yielding an improved capacity. In terms of activation more pronounced effect was obtained with boiling the alloy powder in a hot KOH solution. A capacity in excess of 300 mAh/g is reached in the first cycle after a 20 min treatment. The capacity was highest after 80 min, yielding a value of 390 mAh/g well above that expected from the gas-phase storage in the alloy. This was attributed to the formation of rough surface in the powder, which may stabilize hydrogen bubbles allowing pressures above 1 atm to be reached locally in the surface.
•Activation of (TiZr) (VNiMnCr)2 Laves phase alloy was studied by galvanostatic cycling.•Alloy with coarse particle size activates faster due to formation of fresh surfaces.•Milled powders activate faster but capacity is adversely affected by extended milling.•Hot alkaline treatment leads to fast activation yielding a capacity of 390 mAh/g.•This high capacity was attributed to surface roughness raising hydrogen pressure locally.
Background: It is necessary to determine the extent and direction of environmental factors to accurately assess cow performance in terms of milk yield and milk components. Although many studies have ...explored environmental factors affecting milk yield, there is not enough information about the effects and direction of environmental factors on milk composition. Objective: To determine the effects of non-genetic factors, such as calving season, lactation number, lactation stage, animal age, and herd size on milk yield, chemical composition of raw milk, and Somatic Cell Count (SCC) in Holstein-Friesian cows. Methods: Data were obtained from 15,354 raw milk samples of 5,118 Holstein-Friesian cows at 276 dairy farms in Türkiye. The data analysis was performed using the General Linear Model (GLM) feature of the SPSS statistics program. Results: Mean fat (F), protein (P), dry matter (DM), lactose (L), urea (U), and Log10SCC values of milk were 3.74 ± 0.01, 3.19 ± 0.01, 11.36 ± 0.03, 4.32 ± 0.01%, 21.57 ± 0.28 mg/dL, and 5.244 ± 0.01 cells/mL, respectively. Peak milk yield (PMY), lactation milk yield (LMY), 305-day milk yield (305-d MY), and SCC values were 33.7 ± 0.13, 8,538.33 ± 89.64 kg, 6,479.42 ± 168.96 kg, and 224,164.34 ± 4,402.79 cells/mL, respectively. Conclusion: Dairy farms in Türkiye should improve protein, dry matter, and urea contents in milk and investigate in detail the relationship between raw milk urea, subclinical mastitis, and reproductive features.
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