(1) Background: Solid phase microextraction (SPME)-Arrow is a new extraction technology recently employed in the analysis of volatiles in food materials. Grape volatile organic compounds (VOC) have a ...crucial role in the winemaking industry due to their sensory characteristics of wine.; (2) Methods: Box-Behnken experimental design and response surface methodology were used to optimise SPME-Arrow conditions (extraction temperature, incubation time, exposure time, desorption time). Analyzed VOCs were free VOCs directly from grape skins and bound VOCs released from grape skins by acid hydrolysis.; (3) Results: The most significant factors were extraction temperature and exposure time for both free and bound VOCs. For both factors, an increase in their values positively affected the extraction efficiency for almost all classes of VOCs. For free VOCs, the optimum extraction conditions are: extraction temperature 60 °C, incubation time 20 min, exposure time 49 min, and desorption time 7 min, while for the bound VOCs are: extraction temperature 60 °C, incubation time 20 min, exposure time 60 min, desorption time 7 min.; (4) Conclusions: Application of the optimized method provides a powerful tool in the analysis of major classes of volatile organic compounds from grape skins, which can be applied to a large number of samples.
Since grapevine is highly susceptible to various pathogens, enormous amounts of pesticides are applied each season to achieve profitable production. One of the most destructive grapevine diseases is ...downy mildew, and their interaction has been in the spotlight for more than a decade. When it comes to a metabolome level, phenolic compounds are relevant to investigate due to their involvement in the plant immune system and known antifungal properties. Croatian grapevine germplasm is highly heterogeneous due to its long history of cultivation in diversified geographical regions. Since it has been found that native varieties react differently to the infection of
, the intention of this study is to define if the chemical background of the leaves, i.e., polyphenolic composition, is responsible for these dissimilarities. Therefore, the leaves of 17 genotypes, among which 14 were native and 3 were controls, were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in four terms: before inoculation and 24, 48, and 96 h post inoculation (hpi). During this early phase, significant differences were found neither between the terms nor between the non-inoculated and inoculated samples, except for resveratrol-3-
-glucoside. By applying principal component analysis (PCA) using initial leaf polyphenolic composition, varieties of
were clearly separated into three different groups corresponding to their International Organization of Vine and Wine (OIV) classes of susceptibility to
. Results obtained in this research suggest that the initial constitutive polyphenolic composition of the cultivar leaves has a crucial influence on their susceptibility to
, and this finding can be used to improve the success of grapevine breeding programs toward downy mildew resistance.
Grape volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play an important role in the winemaking industry due to their contribution to wine sensory characteristics. Another important role in the winemaking industry ...have the grapevine varieties used in specific regions or countries for wine production. Due to the high variability of grapevine germplasm, grapevine varieties are as classified based on their genetic and geographical origin into genetic-geographic groups (GEN-GEO). The aim of this research was to investigate VOCs in 50 red grapevine varieties belonging to different GEN-GEO groups. The study included varieties from groups C2 (Italy and France), C7 (Croatia), and C8 (Spain and Portugal). The analysis of VOCs was performed by SPME-Arrow-GC/MS directly from grape skins. The analyzed VOCs included aldehydes, ketones, acids, alcohols, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes. The most abundant VOCs were aldehydes and alcohols, while the most numerous were sesquiterpenes. The most abundant compounds, aldehydes and alcohols, were found to be (
E
)-2-hexenal, hexenal, (
E
)-2-hexen-1-ol, and 1-hexanol. Using discriminant analysis, the GEN-GEO groups were separated based on their volatile profile. Some of the individual compounds contributing to the discrimination were found in relatively small amounts, such as benzoic acid, (
E,E
)-2,4-hexadienal, 4-pentenal, and nonanoic acid. The groups were also discriminated by their overall volatile profile: group C2 was characterized by a higher content of aldehydes and alcohols, and group C8 was characterized by a higher content of sesquiterpenes and acids. Group C7 was characterized by all low amount of all classes of VOCs.
The
pathogen causes one of the most severe grapevine diseases, namely downy mildew. The response to
involves both visible symptoms and intricate metabolomic alterations, particularly in relation to ...volatile organic compounds, and depends on the degree of resistance of a particular variety. There are numerous native grapevine varieties in Croatia, and they vary in susceptibility to this oomycete. As previously reported, in vitro leaf disc bioassay and polyphenolic compound analysis are complementary methods that can be used to separate native varieties into various resistance classes. This research used the Solid Phase Microextraction-Arrow Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry method to identify the early alterations in the VOCs in the leaves after
inoculation. Based on the absolute peak area of sesquiterpenes, some discrepancies between the sampling terms were noticed. The presence of certain chemical compounds such as humulene, ylangene, and
-farnesene helped distinguish the non-inoculated and inoculated samples. Although specific VOC responses to
infection of native varieties from various resistance classes could not be identified, the response of less susceptible native varieties and resistant controls was associated with an increase in the absolute peak area of several compounds, including geranylacetone,
-ocimene, and (
)-2-hexen-1-ol.
Seed extracts are becoming more important due to their beneficial biological activities. The main constituents of seed extracts are flavan-3-ols, compounds important in winemaking. The coastal region ...in Croatia is rich in native grapevine varieties, which are used in wine production. The aim of the research was to analyze the flavan-3-ol profiles of 20 native varieties, and to evaluate the potential use of grape seeds as a source of flavan-3-ols. The flavan-3-ols from seeds were analyzed by HPLC. The predicted yield of flavan-3-ols was calculated using the analyzed profiles. In total, eight compounds were identified, with the most abundant compounds being catechin, epicatechin, and procyanidin B2. In general, the red grape varieties had higher content of flavan-3-ols than the white varieties, which was confirmed by PCA. The coastal region could potentially yield up to 73.97 kg/ha of flavan-3-ols, depending on the variety. The results show the diversity of flavan-3-ol profiles among Croatian varieties and their potential usage as a source of valuable nutraceuticals.
Na globalnom tržištu vina dolazi do promjena u preferencijama potrošača te popularnost pjenušavih vina raste, a sličan trend događa se i u Republici Hrvatskoj. Graševina, kao najznačajnija bijela ...sorta vinove loze u Hrvatskoj, pokazala je veliku adaptabilnost na različite ekološke uvjete. Provedbom klonske selekcije, klon OB-435 izdvojio se svojim karakteristikama kao pogodan za proizvodnju pjenušavih vina. Stoga je cilj ovog rada bio ocijeniti kvalitetu pjenušavih vina proizvedenih od klona OB-435. Vina su proizvedena klasičnom metodom, te su dodane dvije koncentracije ekspedicijskog likera- 1,5 mL L-1 (GR-1,5) i 2,5 mL L-1 (GR-2,5). Osnovni kemijski parametri i senzorna analiza proizvedenih pjenušavih vina, potvrdila su pogodnost ovog klona za proizvodnju pjenušavih vina u uvjetima kontinentalnog Vinogorja Zagreb. Različitim senzornim metodama bolje je ocijenjeno pjenušavo vino s manjom dozom ekspedicijskog likera i voćno-cvjetnom aromom.
Prosušivanje grožđa jedan je od ključnih postupaka u proizvodnji prošeka, desertnog vina s dugom tradicijom proizvodnje u Hrvatskoj. Tradicionalne sorte koje su se koristile u proizvodnji prošeka su ...autohtone sorte Dalmacije. Jedna od sorata koja se zbog svoje rasprostranjenosti i karakteristika može koristiti u proizvodnji prošeka je autohtona sorta 'Plavina'. Tradicionalna proizvodnja prošeka uključuje prosušivanje grožđa na zraku, međutim razvojem tehnologije otvorile su se i mogućnosti sušenja u kontroliranim uvjetima. Stoga je cilj rada bio utvrditi promjene kakvoće grožđa sorte 'Plavina crna' u kontroliranim uvjetima sušenja. Rezultati su pokazali kako je sušenjem došlo do koncentriranja sadržaja bobice te se povećao sadržaj šećera i organskih kiselina. Prosušivanjem se smanjio sadržaj polifenolnih i hlapljivih spojeva. Kako bi se utvrdio točan utjecaj na konačni proizvod, potrebna su daljnja istraživanja
In the era of sustainable grapevine production, there is a growing demand to define differences between
varieties in susceptibility to downy mildew. Croatia, as a country with a long tradition of ...grapevine cultivation, preserves a large number of native grapevine varieties. A leaf disc bioassay has been conducted on 25 of them to define their response to downy mildew, according to the International Organisation of Vine and Wine (OIV) descriptor 452-1, together with the stress response of the leaf discs using chlorophyll fluorescence and multispectral imaging with 11 parameters included. Time points of measurement were as follows: before treatment (T
), one day post-inoculation (dpi) (T
), two dpi (T
), three dpi (T
), four dpi (T
), six dpi (T
), and eight dpi (T
). Visible changes in form of developed
(
) sporulation were evaluated on the seventh day upon inoculation. Results show that methods applied here distinguish varieties of different responses to downy mildew. Based on the results obtained, a phenotyping model in the absence of the pathogen is proposed, which is required to confirm by conducting more extensive research.
Grapes are rich in primary and secondary metabolites. Among the secondary metabolites, polyphenolic compounds are the most abundant in grape berries. Besides their important impacts on grape and wine ...quality, this class of compounds has beneficial effects on human health. Due to their antioxidant activity, polyphenols and phenolic acids can act as anti-inflammatory and anticancerogenic agents, and can modulate the immune system. In grape berries, polyphenols and phenolic acids can be located in the pericarp and seeds, but distribution differs considerably among these tissues. Although some classes of polyphenols and phenolic acids are under strict genetic control, the final content is highly influenced by environmental factors, such as climate, soil, vineyard, and management. This review aims to present the main classes of polyphenolic compounds and phenolic acids in different berry tissues and grape varieties and special emphasis on their beneficial effect on human health.
•We bring new method for synthesis of grapevine intraspecific chimeras based on Meristematic Bulk Tissue.•Microsatellite (SSR) markers were successfully applied for detection of synthetic ...chimeras.•This opens for the first time the possibility of Synthetic Chimeral Breeding application for Grapevine.
Chimeral breeding is an alternative breeding method for vegetatively propagated species which can combine desirable traits from different cultivars. Main problem of its application is related to the difficulties in development of synthetic chimeras in most species. Grapevine is one of the most important crops in the world with significantly reduced varietal diversity used in production accompanied by difficult acceptance of new cultivars developed by existing breeding methods. Main objective of this study was to investigate the possibility of grapevine intraspecific chimeras development using in vitro method based on meristematic bulk tissue grafting. Meristematic bulk tissue was successfully developed from two cultivars (Cabernet sauvignon and Babic). After successful grafting and regeneration, 118 plants were obtained. Detection of chimeral plants was performed using combination of phenotyping and genotyping. Phenotyping was based on visual detection of cultivar specific characteristics displayed by young plants. Six microsatellites markers loci were evaluated for their efficiency in detection and quantification of different share of DNA belonging to two cultivars in mixed DNA samples. VVS2 locus was selected and used in genetic characterization of plants obtained from tissue culture. Chimeral status was confirmed in case of seven plants and different share of two cultivars within was detected chimeras. Described method shows promising results due to high regeneration power of meristematic bulk tissue and successful and precise detection of chimeral plants.
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