Lambic sour beers are the products of a spontaneous fermentation that lasts for one to three years before bottling. The present study determined the microbiota involved in the fermentation of lambic ...beers by sampling two fermentation batches during two years in the most traditional lambic brewery of Belgium, using culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. From 14 samples per fermentation, over 2000 bacterial and yeast isolates were obtained and identified. Although minor variations in the microbiota between casks and batches and a considerable species diversity were found, a characteristic microbial succession was identified. This succession started with a dominance of Enterobacteriaceae in the first month, which were replaced at 2 months by Pediococcus damnosus and Saccharomyces spp., the latter being replaced by Dekkera bruxellensis at 6 months fermentation duration.
Eight water kefir fermentation series differing in buffer capacity and calcium concentration of the water used for fermentation were studied during eight backslopping steps. High buffer capacities ...resulted in high pH values and high calcium concentrations resulted in low pH values at the end of each backslopping step. When the water buffer capacity and/or calcium concentration were below certain minima, the water kefir grain growth decreased gradually over multiple backsloppings. High water buffer capacities resulted in high concentrations of residual total carbohydrate concentrations and low metabolite concentrations. Further, high water buffer capacities resulted in high ratios of lactic acid bacteria to yeasts, which was reflected in high molar ratios of the concentrations of lactic acid to ethanol and acetic acid to ethanol. The most prevalent microorganisms of the water kefir grain inoculum and grains of all fermentation series at the end of the eighth backslopping step were
,
,
,
,
, and
. These microbial communities were influenced by the water buffer capacity and had an impact on the substrate consumption and metabolite production during water kefir fermentation.
Eleven series of water kefir fermentation processes differing in the presence of oxygen and the type and concentration of inoculum and substrate, were followed as a function of time to quantify the ...impact of these parameters on the kinetics of this process
a modeling approach. Increasing concentrations of the water kefir grain inoculum increased the water kefir fermentation rate, so that the metabolic activity during water kefir fermentation was mainly associated with the grains. Water kefir liquor could also be used as an alternative means of inoculation, but the resulting fermentation process progressed slower than the one inoculated with water kefir grains, and the production of water kefir grain mass was absent. Substitution of sucrose with glucose and/or fructose reduced the water kefir grain growth, whereby glucose was fermented faster than fructose.
(formerly known as
),
(formerly known as
),
(formerly known as
),
, and
were the main microorganisms present. Acetic acid bacteria were present in low abundances under anaerobic conditions and only proliferated under aerobic conditions. Visualization of the water kefir grains through scanning electron microscopy revealed that the majority of the microorganisms was attached onto their surface. Lactic acid bacteria and yeasts were predominantly associated with the grains, whereas acetic acid bacteria were predominantly associated with the liquor.
The objective of this study was to investigate the accurate AM and PL tunnel positions in an anatomical double-bundle ACL reconstruction using human cadaver knees with an intact ACL. Fifteen ...fresh-frozen non-paired adult human knees with a median age of 60 were used. AM and PL bundles were identified by the difference in tension patterns. First, the center of femoral PL and AM bundles were marked with a K-wire and cut from the femoral insertion site. Next, each bundle was divided at the tibial side, and the center of each AM and PL tibial insertion was again marked with a K-wire. Tunnel placement was evaluated using a C-arm radiographic device. For the femoral side assessment, Bernard and Hertel’s technique was used. For the tibial side assessment, Staubli’s technique was used. After radiographic evaluations, all tibias’ soft tissues were removed with a 10% NaOH solution, and tunnel placements were evaluated. In the radiographic evaluation, the center of the femoral AM tunnel was placed at 15% in a shallow–deep direction and at 26% in a high–low direction. The center of the PL bundle was found at 32% in a shallow–deep direction and 52% in a high–low direction. On the tibial side, the center of the AM tunnel was placed at 31% from the anterior edge of the tibia, and the PL tunnel at 50%. The ACL tibial footprint was placed close to the center of the tibia and was oriented sagittally. AM and PL tunnels can be placed in the ACL insertions without any coalition. The native ACL insertion site has morphological variety in both the femoral and tibial sides. This study showed, anatomically and radiologically, the AM and PL tunnel positions in an anatomical ACL reconstruction. We believe that this study will contribute to an accurate tunnel placement during ACL reconstruction surgery and provide reference data for postoperative radiographic evaluation.
Oncogenic fusion events have been identified in a broad range of tumors. Among them,
rearrangements represent distinct and potentially druggable targets that are recurrently found in lung ...adenocarcinomas. We provide further evidence that current anti-RET drugs may not be potent enough to induce durable responses in such tumors. We report that potent inhibitors, such as AD80 or ponatinib, that stably bind in the DFG-out conformation of RET may overcome these limitations and selectively kill
-rearranged tumors. Using chemical genomics in conjunction with phosphoproteomic analyses in
-rearranged cells, we identify the CCDC6-RET
mutation and drug-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway reactivation as possible mechanisms by which tumors may escape the activity of RET inhibitors. Our data provide mechanistic insight into the druggability of RET kinase fusions that may be of help for the development of effective therapies targeting such tumors.
Bifidobacteria
were isolated from the gut of
Bombus lapidarius
,
Bombus terrestris
and
Bombus hypnorum
bumble bees by direct isolation on modified trypticase phytone yeast extract agar. The MALDI-TOF ...MS profiles of four isolates (LMG 28292
T
, R-53560, R-53124, LMG 28626) were found to be identical and did not cluster with the profiles of established
Bifidobacterium
species. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain LMG 28292
T
revealed that LMG 28292
T
is most closely related to the
Bifidobacterium bohemicum
type strain (96.8 %), which was also isolated from bumble bee gut specimens. The
hsp60
gene of strain LMG 28292
T
shows 85.8 % sequence similarity to that of the
B. bohemicum
type strain. The (GTG)
5
-PCR profiles and the
hsp60
sequences of all four isolates were indistinguishable; however, three different phenotypes were observed among the four isolates by means of the API 50CHL microtest system. Based on the phylogenetic, genotypic and phenotypic data, we propose to classify the four isolates within the novel species
Bifidobacterium commune
sp. nov., with LMG 28292
T
(= DSM 28792
T
) as the type strain.
Purpose To investigate the effects of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) deficiency and nonanatomic single-bundle (SB) and anatomic double-bundle (DB) ACL reconstruction on the contact characteristics ...of the patellofemoral (PF) joint. Methods By use of a materials testing system, 7 fresh-frozen human cadaveric knees were tested. The following states were tested: ACL-intact knee, nonanatomic SB ACL reconstruction, anatomic DB ACL reconstruction, and ACL-deficient knee. Hamstring autografts were used. PF contact pressures and areas were measured with pressure-sensitive film at 30°, 60°, and 90° of knee flexion with a constant 100-N load on the quadriceps tendon. Results The total contact area of ACL-deficient and nonanatomic SB ACL-reconstructed knees (123.8 ± 63.9 and 149.6 ± 79.3 mm2 , respectively) significantly decreased when compared with those of the intact knee (206.1 ± 83.6 mm2 ) at 30° of knee flexion. The lateral-facet peak pressure of ACL-deficient and nonanatomic SB ACL-reconstructed knees (1.12 ± 0.52 and 1.22 ± 0.54 MPa, respectively) significantly decreased when compared with those of the intact knee (0.68 ± 0.38 MPa) at 90° of knee flexion. Anatomic DB ACL reconstruction restored the contact pressures and areas to values similar to those of the intact knee (no significant difference). Conclusions ACL deficiency resulted in a significant decrease in the total and medial PF contact areas and in an increase in the lateral PF contact pressure. Anatomic DB ACL reconstruction more closely restored normal PF contact area and pressure than did nonanatomic SB ACL reconstruction. Clinical Relevance Our findings suggest that the changes in the PF contact area and pressures in ACL deficiency and after nonanatomic SB ACL reconstruction may be one of the causes of PF osteoarthritis or other related PF problems found at long-term follow-up. Anatomic DB ACL reconstruction may reduce the incidence of PF problems by closely restoring the contact area and pressure.
With the complete sequencing of its genome, the honey bee is now a preferred model organism for Hymenoptera species, also with respect to venomic studies. Major pitfalls in proteomic profiling are: ...i) highly abundant proteins masking low-copy number proteins; ii) high heterogeneity in proteomes due to isoforms, protease activity and PTMs; iii) the inability for protein function assignment. If genomic information is not available, proteins still might be identified through cross-species protein identifications or MS/MS data-based de novo sequencing techniques. Venomic approaches discovered several new proteins and peptides from honey bees, bumble bees, ants and different wasp species, and some of these constituents were proven to be of immunological significance. Further digging in the proteome/peptidome will yield more so-called ”venom trace elements” with only a local function in the venom duct or reservoir or released by leakage of the gland tissue. An impressive list of recombinants venom proteins has become available from a diverse range of Hymenopterans. Protein microarray allows the determination and monitoring of allergic patients' IgE reactivity profiles to disease-causing allergens using single measurements and minute amounts of serum. The information the physician will get from such a single run will largely exceed the output from current IgE capturing tools using whole venom preparations.
Lactobacillus acidophilus is a Gram-positive lactic acid bacterium that has had widespread historical use in the dairy industry and more recently as a probiotic. Although L. acidophilus has been ...designated as safe for human consumption, increasing commercial regulation and clinical demands for probiotic validation has resulted in a need to understand its genetic diversity. By drawing on large, well-characterised collections of lactic acid bacteria, we examined L. acidophilus isolates spanning 92 years and including multiple strains in current commercial use. Analysis of the whole genome sequence data set (34 isolate genomes) demonstrated L. acidophilus was a low diversity, monophyletic species with commercial isolates essentially identical at the sequence level. Our results indicate that commercial use has domesticated L. acidophilus with genetically stable, invariant strains being consumed globally by the human population.
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