The choice of ligand is an important parameter in the synthesis of metal halide perovskites such as methylammonium lead bromide (MAPbBr3) perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs). In this work, phenylalanine ...(Phe) was demonstrated, for the first time, as a highly effective capping ligand for synthesizing MAPbBr3 PNCs when used in conjunction with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) and oleic acid (OA) or methylphosphoric acid (MPA). Ultraviolet–visible absorption and photoluminescence (PL) emission spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to investigate the optoelectronic, structural, and surface properties of the PNCs. The combined use of Phe, APTES, and OA or MPA is demonstrated to be highly successful in passivating PNCs for achieving both improved PL and enhanced stability. The enhanced passivation by Phe is attributed to the three functional groups in Phe that can stabilize surface defects related to Pb2+, CH3NH3 +, and Br– by mediating pH and hydrophobicity. Based on all the experimental results, a model is proposed to explain the passivation mechanism involving Phe in conjunction with other amine and acid ligands. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of multiligand passivation of perovskites involving amino acid as the capping ligand.
Here, we demonstrate the use of Raman spectroscopy for real-time monitoring and analysis of the reduction of nitroarenes and ketones in an aqueous medium using an external fiber optic probe. In one ...case, the catalytic reduction of nitroarenes using hydrazine hydrate and a nickel boron composite catalyst was studied by monitoring the disappearance of the distinct nitro stretching frequency at 1350 cm–1. Quantitative Raman spectroscopic techniques showed that the aqueous reduction reaction proceeds with pseudo-first-order kinetics. The biphasic reduction of cyclic ketones by aqueous dimethylamine borane (DMAB) was also examined. A nonpolar carbonyl compound and aqueous DMAB were mixed and an external Raman probe monitored the loss of the starting material via the carbonyl stretch at 1713 cm–1 in the top organic phase. We also found that saturated aliphatic carbonyl compounds were reduced much faster than α,β-unsaturated and aromatic carbonyl compounds. Additionally, DMAB was found to be unreactive toward epoxides and esters, allowing for selective reduction of aliphatic ketones. Density functional theory analysis suggests that carbonyl reduction occurred through a dissociation mechanism followed by a concerted hydride transfer pathway.
Caretakers tend to repeat themselves when speaking to children, either to clarify their message or to redirect wandering attention. This repetition also appears to support language learning. For ...example, words that are heard more frequently tend to be produced earlier by young children. However, pure repetition only goes so far; some variation between utterances is necessary to support acquisition of a fully productive grammar. When individual words or morphemes are repeated, but embedded in different lexical and syntactic contexts, the child has more information about how these forms may be used and combined. Corpus analysis has shown that these partial repetitions frequently occur in clusters, which have been coined variation sets. More recent research has introduced algorithms that can extract these variation sets automatically from corpora with the goal of measuring their relative prevalence across ages and languages. Longitudinal analyses have revealed that rates of variation sets tend to decrease as children get older. We extend this research in several ways. First, we consider a maximally diverse sample of languages, both genealogically and geographically, to test the generalizability of developmental trends. Second, we compare multiple levels of repetition, both words and morphemes, to account for typological differences in how information is encoded. Third, we consider several additional measures of development to account for deficiencies in age as a measure of linguistic aptitude. Fourth, we examine whether the levels of repetition found in child-surrounding speech is greater or less than what would have been expected by chance. This analysis produced a new measure, redundancy, which captures how repetitive speech is on average given how repeititive it could have been. Fifth, we compare rates of repetition in child-surrounding and adult-directed speech to test whether variation sets are especially prevalent in child-surrounding speech. We find that (1) some languages show increases in repetition over development, (2) true estimates of variation sets are generally lower than or equal to random baselines, (3) these patterns are largely convergent across developmental indices, and (4) adult-directed speech is reliably less redundant, though in some cases more repetitive, than child-surrounding speech. These results are discussed with respect to features of the corpora, typological properties of the languages, and differential rates of change in repetition and redundancy over children's development.
Medication errors are pervasive. Electronic prescriptions (e-prescriptions) convey secure and computer-readable prescriptions from clinics to outpatient pharmacies for dispensing. Once received, ...pharmacy staff perform a transcription task to select the medications needed to process e-prescriptions within their dispensing software. Later, pharmacists manually double-check medications selected to fulfill e-prescriptions before dispensing to the patient. Although pharmacist double-checks are mostly effective for catching medication selection mistakes, the cognitive process of medication selection in the computer is still prone to error because of heavy workload, inattention, and fatigue. Leveraging health information technology to identify and recover from medication selection errors can improve patient safety.
This study aimed to determine the performance of an automated double-check of pharmacy prescription records to identify potential medication selection errors made in outpatient pharmacies with the RxNorm application programming interface (API).
We conducted a retrospective observational analysis of 537,710 pairs of e-prescription and dispensing records from a mail-order pharmacy for the period January 2017 to October 2018. National Drug Codes (NDCs) for each pair were obtained from the National Library of Medicine's (NLM's) RxNorm API. The API returned RxNorm concept unique identifier (RxCUI) semantic clinical drug (SCD) identifiers associated with every NDC. The SCD identifiers returned for the e-prescription NDC were matched against the corresponding SCD identifiers from the pharmacy dispensing record NDC. An error matrix was created based on the hand-labeling of mismatched SCD pairs. Performance metrics were calculated for the e-prescription-to-dispensing record matching algorithm for both total pairs and unique pairs of NDCs in these data.
We analyzed 527,881 e-prescription and pharmacy dispensing record pairs. Four clinically significant cases of mismatched RxCUI identifiers were detected (ie, three different ingredient selections and one different strength selection). A total of 546 less significant cases of mismatched RxCUIs were found. Nearly all of the NDC pairs had matching RxCUIs (28,787/28,817, 99.90%-525,270/527,009, 99.67%). The RxNorm API had a sensitivity of 1, a false-positive rate of 0.00104 to 0.00312, specificity of 0.99896 to 0.99688, precision of 0.00727 to 0.04255, and F1 score of 0.01444 to 0.08163. We found 872 pairs of records without an RxCUI.
The NLM's RxNorm API can perform an independent and automatic double-check of correct medication selection to verify e-prescription processing at outpatient pharmacies. RxNorm has near-comprehensive coverage of prescribed medications and can be used to recover from medication selection errors. In the future, tools such as this may be able to perform automated verification of medication selection accurately enough to free pharmacists from having to perform manual double-checks of the medications selected within pharmacy dispensing software to fulfill e-prescriptions.
To determine the variability of ingredient, strength, and dose form information from drug product descriptions in real-world electronic prescription (e-prescription) data.
A sample of 10 399 324 ...e-prescriptions from 2019 to 2021 were obtained. Drug product descriptions were analyzed with a named entity extraction model and National Drug Codes (NDCs) were used to get RxNorm Concept Unique Identifiers (RxCUI) via RxNorm. The number of drug product description variants for each RxCUI was determined. Variants identified were compared to RxNorm to determine the extent of matching terminology used.
A total of 353 002 unique pairs of drug product descriptions and NDCs were analyzed. The median (1st-3rd quartile) number of variants extracted for each standardized expression in RxNorm, was 3 (2-7) for ingredients, 4 (2-8) for strength, and 41 (11-122) for dosage forms. Of the pairs, 42.35% of ingredients (n = 328 032), 51.23% of strengths (n = 321 706), and 10.60% of dose forms (n = 326 653) used matching terminology, while 16.31%, 24.85%, and 13.05% contained nonmatching terminology, respectively.
A wide variety of drug product descriptions makes it difficult to determine whether 2 drug product descriptions describe the same drug product (eg, using abbreviations to describe an active ingredient or using different units to represent a concentration). This results in patient safety risks that lead to incorrect drug products being ordered, dispensed, and used by patients. Implementation and use of standardized terminology may reduce these risks.
Drug product descriptions on real-world e-prescriptions exhibit large variation resulting in unnecessary ambiguity and potential patient safety risks.
To determine the extent of implementation, completeness, and accuracy of Structured and Codified SIG (S&C SIG) directions on electronic prescriptions (e-prescriptions).
A retrospective analysis of a ...random sample of 3.8 million e-prescriptions sent from electronic prescribing (e-prescribing) software to outpatient pharmacies in the United States between 2019 and 2021. Natural language processing was used to identify direction components, including action verb, dose, frequency, route, duration, and indication from free-text directions and were compared to the S&C SIG format. Inductive qualitative analysis of S&C direction identified error types and frequencies for each component.
Implementation of the S&C SIG format in e-prescribing software resulted in 32.4% of e-prescriptions transmitted with these standardized directions. Directions using the S&C SIG format contained a greater percentage of each direction component compared to free-text directions, except for the indication component. Structured and codified directions contained quality issues in 10.3% of cases.
Expanding adoption of more diverse direction terminology for the S&C SIG formats can improve the coverage of directions using the S&C SIG format. Building out e-prescribing software interfaces to include more direction components can improve patient medication use and safety. Quality improvement efforts, such as improving the design of e-prescribing software and auditing for discrepancies, are needed to identify and eliminate implementation-related issues with direction information from the S&C SIG format so that e-prescription directions are always accurately represented.
Although directions using the S&C SIG format may result in more complete directions, greater adoption of the format and best practices for preventing its incorrect use are necessary.
Reasoning about discrimination Lester, Richard Allen; Lester, Richard Allen
2014., 20140701, 2014, 1980, Volume:
664
eBook
In this book Richard Lester develops an analytical basis for judging sex, race, and age discrimination in professional and executive employment.
Originally published in 1980.
ThePrinceton Legacy ...Libraryuses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
To address the Quintuple Aim of health care improvement, the profession of pharmacy is on the verge of a practice transformation that incorporates continuous learning from medication-related data ...into existing clinical and dispensing roles. The pharmacists' patient care process (PPCP) enables a learning pharmacy practice through the systematic and standardized collection of real-world medication-related data from pharmacists' patient care activities. A learning pharmacy practice continually generates data-powered discoveries as a byproduct of PPCP interactions. In turn, these discoveries improve our medication knowledge while upgrading our predictive powers, thus helping all people achieve optimal health outcomes. Establishing a practice management system connected to the PPCP means that data are generated from every PPCP interaction, combined with existing data, and analyzed by teams of pharmacists and data scientists. The resulting new knowledge is then incorporated into all future PPCP interactions in the form of predictions coupled to actionable advice. The primary purpose of a learning pharmacy practice is to combine the power of predictive modeling with evidence-based best practices to achieve and sustain population-level health improvements. This purpose is achieved by systematically optimizing individual medication use in an equitable manner on a global scale.
CH3NH3PbBr3 perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) are synthesized by using four different linear alkyl phosphonic acids (PAs) in conjunction with (3‐aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) as capping ligands. ...The resultant PQDs are characterized by means of XRD, TEM, Raman spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, UV/Vis, photoluminescence (PL), time‐resolved PL, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). PA chain length is shown to control the PQD size (ca. 2.9–4.2 nm) and excitonic absorption band positions (λ=488–525 nm), with shorter chain lengths corresponding to smaller sizes and bluer absorptions. All samples show a high PL quantum yield (ca. 46–83 %) and high PL stability; this is indicative of a low density of band gap trap states and effective surface passivation. Stability is higher for smaller PQDs; this is attributed to better passivation due to better solubility and less steric hindrance of the shorter PA ligands. Based on the FTIR, Raman, and XPS results, it is proposed that Pb2+ and CH3NH3+ surface defects are passivated by R−PO32− or R−PO2(OH)−, whereas Br− surface defects are passivated by R−NH3+ moieties. This study establishes the combination of PA and APTES ligands as a highly effective dual passivation system for the synergistic passivation of multiple surface defects of PQDs through primarily ionic bonding.
PDQ synthesis of PQDs: The passivation strategy reported herein is to use organic molecules linear alkyl phosphonic acids (PAs) and (3‐aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) as ligands. The PAs and APTES produce R−PO2(OH)−, R−PO32−, and R−NH3+ to effectively passivate the charged surface defects of CH3NH3PbBr3 perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) due to dangling bonds related to species such as MA+, Pb2+ and X−, respectively (see figure).
PDF
