A novel betaine type asphalt emulsifier 3-(N,N,N-dimethyl acetoxy ammonium
chloride)-2-hydroxypropyl laurate was synthesized after three steps by the
reaction of lauric acid, epichlorohydrin, ...dimethylamine and sodium
chloroacetate. The optimum reaction conditions were obtained for the
synthesis of the first step of 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl laurate. The
esterification yield reaches 97.1% at the optimum conditions of reaction
temperature 80?C, reaction time 6 h, feedstock mole ratio of epichlorohydrin
to lauric acid 1.5, mass ratio of catalyst to lauric acid 2%. The chemical
structure of the product was characterized by FTIR and 1H NMR. The first
synthesis step of 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl laurate was monitored by online
FTIR technique. The by-product was detected by the online FTIR analysis.
Based upon the experimental data, a plausible reaction mechanism was proposed
for the reaction. The CMC of the objective product has a lower value of
7.4?10-4 mol/L. The surface tension at CMC is 30.85 mN/m. The emulsifier is a
rapid-set asphalt emulsifier.
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•The intranigral infusion of 6-OHDA was able to promote a depressive-like behavior.•6-OHDA-lesioned rats exhibited a reduction in the levels of hippocampal serotonin and striatal dopamine.•Animals ...that received 6-OHDA showed a decrease in swimming time and consumption of sucrose.•There is a correlation between hippocampal serotonin and time swimming and sucrose consumption.•There is a correlation between striatal dopamine levels and immobility time in the forced swim test.
Among the non-motor phenomena of Parkinson's disease (PD) are depressive symptoms, with a prevalence of 40–70%. The reason for this high prevalence is not yet clear. The basal ganglia receives dopamine (DA) inputs from the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), which is known to be impaired in PD patients. The neurotransmitter deficiency hypothesis of PD considers that low serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine 5-HT) activity in the brain in PD patients is a risk factor for depression. We investigated whether DA depletion promoted by the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) is able to induce depressive-like behavior and neurotransmitter alterations that are similar to those observed in PD. To test this hypothesis, we performed intranigral injections of 6-OHDA in male Wistar rats and conducted motor behavior, depressive-like behavior, histological, and neurochemical tests. After the motor recovery period, 6-OHDA was able to produce anhedonia and behavioral despair 7, 14, and 21 days after neurotoxin infusion. These altered behavioral responses were accompanied by reductions of striatal DA. Additionally, decreases in hippocampal 5-HT content were detected in the 6-OHDA group. Notably, correlations were found between 5-HT and DA levels and swimming, immobility, and sucrose preference. Our results indicate that 6-OHDA produced depressive-like behavior accompanied by striatal DA and hippocampal 5-HT reductions. Moreover, DA and 5-HT levels were strongly correlated with “emotional” impairments, suggesting the important participation of these neurotransmitters in anhedonia and behavioral despair after 6-OHDA-induced nigral lesions.
Background. Paediatric-onset MS (POMS) has a unique clinical profile compared to the more prevalent adult-onset MS. For this study, we aimed to determine the demographic and clinical characteristics ...of POMS in Poland as well as addressing some of its epidemiological aspects. Methods. A retrospective study was conducted based on the Polish Multiple Sclerosis Registry, considering a population of children and adolescents with MS (age ≤ 18 years). Data were collected by all 13 centres across Poland specializing in diagnosing and treating POMS. The actual course of the disease and its clinical properties were compared between child (≤12 years) and juvenile (>12 years) patients. MS onset and its prevalence were assessed at the end of 2019, stratified by age range. Results. A total of 329 paediatric or juvenile patients (228 girls, 101 boys) with a clinically definite diagnosis of MS, in conformity with the 2017 McDonald Criteria, were enrolled. For 71 children (21.6%), the first symptoms appeared before the age of 12. The female: male ratio increased with age, amounting to 1:1 in the ≤12 years group and to 2.9:1 in the >12 years group. In most cases, the disease had multi-symptomatic onset (31.3%), and its course was mostly of a relapsing−remitting character (95.7%). The initial Expanded Disability Status Score for both groups was 1.63 ± 1.1, whereas the annual relapse rate was 0.84 during the first 2 years. The time between the onset of symptoms and diagnosis was longer in the younger patients (8.2 ± 4.2 vs. 4.6 ± 3.6 months; p < 0.005). On 31 December 2019, the age-adjusted prevalence standardized to the European standard population was 5.19/100,000 (95% CI, 4.64−5.78). Significantly higher prevalence was noted in the 13−18 years group (7.12; 95% CI, 6.64−7.86) than in the 9−12 years group (3.41; 95% CI, 2.98−3.86) and the <9 years group (0.56; 95% CI, 0.46−0.64; p < 0.001). Conclusion. POMS commencing at the age of ≤12 years is rare, differing significantly from the juvenile-onset and adult MS in terms of clinical characteristics, course, and incidence, as stratified by gender.
Uranium is an important nuclear element, and its efficient recovery is of great significance to nuclear industry and to nuclear safety. Herein, we rationally design robust antifouling fiber membranes ...(Anti-NH2-AO FMs) by facilely grafting two novel ligands on porous surfaces. The efficient ligands, i.e., NH2-AO and GSH, endow the membranes with rapid U-capture rate, good hydrophilicity and antifouling ability. Anti-NH2-AO FMs display porous fiber network structure, good flexibility, and high mechanical strength (9.0 MPa). The uranium capture rate reaches up to 167 mg g−1 h−1 in the first two hours, and they can reduce uranium to 11 ppb in 2 ppm uranium-contaminated water, which is below the drinking water limit. Furthermore, Anti-NH2-AO FMs still exhibit very high seawater permeability (6186 L m−2 h−1 bar−1) and flux recovery ratio (95.12 %) after three seawater fouling cycles. The imaging tests visually demonstrate their antiadhesion to the bacteria. In addition, they have good selectivity and long service life (10 cycles of adsorption-desorption). Kinetics models and XPS analyses illustrate the uranium adsorption mechanisms. Compared with the current membranes and fibers, the Anti-NH2-AO displays the advantages of exceptional properties and easy preparation, and we believe that it possesses great potential in the practical uranium recovery.
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•An anti-adhesive fiber membrane is constructed by using the NH2-AO and peptide.•The NH2-AO supplies the adsorbents with a very rapid uranium capture rate.•The peptide endows the adsorbents with good seawater flux and antifouling ability.•The membranes exhibit porous structure, flexibility, and high mechanical strength.•The membranes have potential in the practical applications.
To investigate the health-related quality of life (HRQL) of long-term survivors of inoperable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) treated with definitive radiation therapy, the real-world ...trends in the use of advanced radiation techniques, and their impact on the survival outcomes of ESCC patients.
In this multicenter retrospective observational study, the medical records related to demographics and treatment of ESCC patients who were treated with definitive radiation therapy at 14 provincial hospitals in China from 1 January 2015 to 31 December 2016 were analyzed. A HRQL questionnaire was completed by survivors and collected by doctors at the final follow-up. The difference in quality of life between patients with or without recurrence was compared using the Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test. Overall survival (OS) was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method and the group differences were assessed by unstratified log-rank test. The Cox proportional hazards model with Efron's method of tie handling was used to calculate the risk factors for OS.
The data of a total of 3,308 patients were collected for this study, 248 were excluded because of missing data, and a final of 3,060 patients were included in the analysis. Most patients (2,901; 94.8%) received intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT)/volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT)/tomotherapy (TOMO). The 5-year OS rate was 30%. Patients who received either two-dimensional radiotherapy (2DRT; HR, 2.43 95% CI, 1.70–3.47; P < 0.001) or three-dimensional radiotherapy (3DRT; HR, 1.45 95% CI, 1.14–1.84; P = 0.003) had a significantly increased risk of death compared to those who received IMRT/VMAT/TOMO. Of the 716 (23.4%) long-term survivors who completed the HRQL questionnaire, nearly 70% patients were still able to swallow normally or almost normally, and >80% patients did not experience weight loss. Nearly 80% patients found life very enjoyable or were fairly enjoying life.
This large, multicenter retrospective study on ESCC patients who received definitive radiation therapy found that most ESCC survivors are satisfied with their quality of life. Most patients received advanced radiation technology. Patients who received either 2DRT or 3DRT had a significantly increased risk of death compared to those who received advanced radiation technology.
Chromosome 3 amplification affecting the 3q26 region is a common genomic alteration in cervical cancer, typically marking the transition of precancerous intraepithelial lesions to an invasive ...phenotype. Though potential 3q encoded target genes of this amplification have been identified, a functional correlation of potential oncogenic function is still missing. In this study, we investigated copy number changes and the expression level of SEC62 encoded at 3q26.2 as a new potential 3q oncogene in dysplastic cervical lesions and analyzed its role in cervical cancer cell biology.
Expression levels of Sec62 and vimentin were analyzed in liquid based cytology specimens from 107 women with varying grades of cervical dysplasia ranging from normal cases to cancer by immunofluorescence cytology. Additionally, a subset of 20 representative cases was used for FISH analyses targeting SEC62. To further explore the functional role of Sec62 in cervical cancer, HeLa cells were transfected with a SEC62 plasmid or SEC62 siRNA and analyzed for their proliferation and migration potential using real-time monitoring and trans-well systems as well as changes in the expression of EMT markers.
FISH analyses of the swabbed cells showed a rising number of SEC62 gains and amplifications correlating to the grade of dysplasia with the highest incidence in high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and squamous cell carcinomas. When analyzing the expression level of Sec62 and vimentin, we found a gradually increasing expression level of both proteins according to the severity of the dysplasia. In functional analyses, SEC62 silencing inhibited and SEC62 overexpression stimulated the migration of HeLa cells with only marginal effects on cell proliferation, the expression level of EMT markers and the cytoskeleton structure.
Our study suggests SEC62 as a target gene of 3q26 amplification and a stimulator of cellular migration in dysplastic cervical lesions. Hence, SEC62 could serve as a potential marker for 3q amplification, providing useful information about the dignity and biology of dysplastic cervical lesions.
Ionospheric total electron content (TEC) disturbances can seriously influence the signal of low-frequency spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems, e.g., Advanced Land Observation Satellite ...(ALOS)-phased array-type L-band synthetic aperture radar (PALSAR). With regard to coseismic studies using interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR), it is vital to mitigate the ionospheric artifacts in the contaminated coseismic interferogram. In this paper, we propose a new method for the integral constant calculation, and we then aim to improve the estimation of the ionospheric phase screen (IPS). The proposed method is based on both azimuth and range displacement field maps. At present, the azimuth displacement field can be generated by an offset-tracking procedure or multiple-aperture InSAR (MAI), but the range displacement field can only be estimated by an offset-tracking procedure. We applied ALOS-PALSAR data that were acquired before and after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and the 2010 Darfield earthquake to test the proposed method. This case study further showed that ionospheric azimuth streaks were clearly visible in the azimuth displacement field maps of these two cases, one of which was generated using the MAI algorithm and the other using an offset-tracking algorithm. The results confirmed that the long-wavelength ionospheric artifacts in the non-coseismic regions could be corrected by the use of the proposed method. The line-of-sight (LOS) displacement corrections of these two cases, Wenchuan and Darfield, were in the range of -35.9 to 21.0 cm and -6.6 to 10.0 cm along the LOS direction, respectively.
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