•Polyfunctional mercaptans were formed in the wines when antioxidants were added.•Polyfunctional mercaptans were not detected in wines without added antioxidants.•Polyfunctional mercaptans in Pinot ...Gris and Chardonnay as high as Sauvignon Blanc.•Pinot Gris wines retained their own sensory characters.•Even higher polyfunctional mercaptan levels after inclusion of elemental sulfur.
The antioxidants sulfur dioxide (50 ppm) and ascorbic acid (100 ppm) were added to grapes soon after harvest at crushing. The chemical composition and sensory profile of Sauvignon Blanc, Pinot Gris and Chardonnay wines were examined, made from grapes collected at three different sites for each variety. With good antioxidant protection of the juices, reflected in low absorbances at 420 nm, remarkable increases in the polyfunctional mercaptans, 3-mercaptohexanol (3MH) and its acetate ester (3MHA), were seen in the wines. Moreover, high levels of these compounds were produced in the Pinot Gris and Chardonnay wines, equally high as with Sauvignon Blanc. The Pinot Gris wines maintained varietal characteristics in sensory profiles, even with high levels of polyfunctional mercaptans. When elemental sulfur was included with the grapes at crushing, extra increases in polyfunctional mercaptans were observed. However, this led to the production of unwanted reductive aroma compounds in some wines.
Characterization of grape and wine elemental constitution is essential in tracing their geographical origin. The traceability of wine provenance in China is conducive to implementing regional product ...quality protection. The aim of the present study was to investigate the multi-element profile of subregions and combine the variables of grapes and wine to assess the geographical origin. Grape and wine samples were collected from three towns in Deqin County, plateau of Diqing, China. The oxygen and carbon stable isotope ratios and the concentrations of 45 elements were measured. The interannual variability of element contents in grape and wine samples was less than 40 %. The correlation of elements between grape and wine samples can form fingerprint information of different regions. No significant variability in stable isotopes was observed among micro-vinifications from different wine-producing of the county. The grape data classification accuracy was 88.9 % by stepwise discriminant analysis (DA), and wine data classification accuracy was 95.2 % by an artificial neural network (ANN) model. The conclusion was that multielemental and isotopic information of grapes and wine will help to discriminate wine origin at the county level in China.
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•The elemental correlation can be used as a characteristic of vintage and origin.•The concentrations of most elements showed reproducibility in wines and grapes.•Sr content was significant correlated with grape and wine regardless of vintage.•δ18O and δ13C of wine do not vary significantly in vintage at the same sub-region.•Sub-region separation of wine had an accuracy higher than 95 % using the ANN model.
Key varietal characteristics of Sauvignon Blanc, including the descriptors of ‘green’ and ‘tropical fruit’, are mostly attributed to methoxypyrazines and volatile thiols, while monoterpenes, higher ...alcohols, esters, fatty acids, and other volatile compounds also add complexity and fruity notes to the wines. During the winemaking and ageing period, oxidation decreases the concentrations of these compounds and diminishes the flavours derived from this aromatic grape variety. Therefore, antioxidants, such as sulfur dioxide, are commonly utilized in Sauvignon Blanc wine production for better preservation of those beneficial primary aromas. This review focuses on key varietal aromas in Sauvignon Blanc wine and how they are influenced by oxidation, and SO2 alternatives, including ascorbic acid, glutathione, and glutathione-enriched inactivated dry yeasts, that can be used in winemaking as antioxidants.
Summary
Model‐based testing (MBT) relies on models of the system's behaviour to generate tests. Testers can reuse formal models using MBT to increase confidence in critical systems (e.g., medical and ...avionic systems). In this article, we investigate the current test generation approaches for CPN to provide insights for testers who need to select a suitable one when applying the MBT using CPN. We conduct a systematic literature review to investigate the existing test generation approaches designed for CPN. Subsequently, focusing on specific implementations and advantages/disadvantages, we experiment with formal models of medical systems during our empirical analysis to improve the discussion on existing test generation approaches for CPN. Our study shows that CPN provides reliable tests quickly, depending on the test generation approach applied.
A systematic literature review and an experiment with formal models of medical systems guided a comprehensive discussion on the test generation from Coloured Petri Nets (CPN) models. The analyses show that CPN provides reliable tests quickly, depending on the test generation approach applied.
As experienced physiotherapy educators in Brazil, we observed that COVID-19 elucidated challenges in the pedagogy of entry-level education overall, and directions for their remediation. In this ...commentary, we describe our observations with particular attention to the opportunity for digital and distance teaching and learning in Brazil's exemplary middle-income country.
First, the legislation in Brazil around health professional education, specifically entry-level physiotherapy education, is described concerning distanced learning. Then, we contrast such education before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, and in the aftermath of its peak. Our observations reinforce the need to preserve teaching and learning excellence in physiotherapy education with various approaches including distanced and digital learning; be aware of both advantages and disadvantages; and identify means of balancing these for optimal delivery and learner outcomes. Our collective experience and insights strongly support the need for change in the legislative document governing physiotherapy education in Brazil.
We hope our experiences will enable other educators to evaluate their contexts, reflect on how best to deliver entry-level physiotherapy education in general and during a pandemic, and reinforce the essentiality of practical face-to-face classes in achieving physiotherapy competencies. Only in this way will global standards of practice be ensured, through quality professional education and the factors that inform and govern these.
Fruit quality is dependent on various factors including flavour, texture and colour. These factors are determined by the ripening process, either climacteric or non-climacteric. In grape berry, which ...is non-climacteric, the process is signalled by a complex set of hormone changes. Abscisic acid (ABA) is one of the key hormones involved in ripening, while sugar availability also plays a significant role in certain ripening aspects such as anthocyanin production. To understand the relative influence of hormone and sugar signalling
can prove problematic due to the physiological and environmental (abiotic and biotic) factors at play in vineyards. Here we report on the use of
detached berry culture to investigate the comparative significance of ABA and sugar in the regulation of Pinot noir berry anthocyanin production under controlled conditions. Using a factorial experimental design, pre-véraison berries were cultured on media with various concentrations of sucrose and ABA. After 15 days of
culture, the berries were analysed for changes in metabolites, hormones and gene expression. Results illustrated a stimulatory effect of sucrose and ABA on enhancing berry colour and a corresponding increase in anthocyanins. Increased ABA concentration was able to boost anthocyanin production in berries when sucrose supply was low. The sucrose and ABA effects on berry anthocyanins were primarily manifested through the up-regulation of transcription factors and other genes in the phenylpropanoid pathway, while in other parts of the pathway a down-regulation of key proanthocyanindin transcription factors and genes corresponded to sharp reduction in berry proanthocyanidins, irrespective of sucrose supply. Similarly, increased ABA was correlated with a significant reduction in berry malic acid and associated regulatory genes. These findings suggest a predominance of berry ABA over berry sugar in coordinating the physiological and genetic regulation of anthocyanins and proanthocyanins in Pinot noir grape berries.
Water deficit significantly affects the growth and survival of young plants following transplantation. We performed morphophysiological and biochemical analyses on young yellow passion fruit (
...Passiflora edulis
Sims) plants under well-watered and water-deficit irrigation regimes and pre-treated with three plant growth regulators (PGRs) application—an agrochemical composed of auxins, gibberellins, and cytokinins; salicylic acid (SA); and sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a nitric oxide donor—and a control group with no PGRs. Results showed significant damage by water restriction on biometric attributes; however, the application of PGRs mitigated these effects, reducing growth inhibition processes. In terms of water stress mitigation, differences were observed between PGRs, depending on the morphophysiological or biochemical characteristic. The effectiveness of SNP was higher than the other PGRs in preventing stomatal conductance reduction and maintaining CO
2
assimilation, while the agrochemical was the most effective in preventing photosynthetic pigments content decrease. All PGRs promoted osmoregulation in plants subjected to water deficit, thus helping to preserve cell turgor. Furthermore, PGRs application attenuated oxidative stress, either by increasing antioxidant enzymes activity, or by preventing or decreasing the content of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, thus preventing lipid peroxidation. These findings suggest that the application of PGRs can be a useful strategy to improve young passion fruit plants tolerance to water restriction following transplantation. The multiple beneficial effects do not allow us to indicate the only one most effective PGR; however, a chemical constituents-related principal component analysis suggests that the agrochemical and SA are the most effective PGRs on mitigating water deficit stress.
'Jatropha curcas' L., Euphorbiaceae, is an undomesticated species noted for its high oil content of the seed (17.5 - 41.6%), which can be used to produce biodiesel, among other products. The ...objective of this study was to evaluate the behavior of nine Brazilian genotypes of 'J. curcas' under the effect of water deficit. Seedlings of these genotypes (CNPAE 121, 124, 148, 168, 222, 215, 226, 298 and 299) were submitted to two irrigation regimes for 42 days: controlled irrigation (100% of tank capacity, TC) and water stress (WS, 50% TC). The foliar content of proline increased 56% on average in water stressed plants compared to the control plants. Water deficit-induced decreases of 62, 112, 78 and 23% in photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and internal to atmospheric CO2 concentration ratio (Ci/Ca), respectively, were observed. Foliar activities of dismutase superoxide, guaiacol peroxidase and catalase increased in the stressed in comparison with the control plants. The genotypes CNPAE-148 and 222 were considered tolerant, as indicated by strong water conservation and significant increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes when subjected to water stress.
Resumo Estudos têm demonstrado que a motivação para aprender está associada ao bom desempenho acadêmico. O presente estudo objetivou investigar se há diferenças na motivação para aprender entre os ...cursos de Fisioterapia, Educação Física e Enfermagem, e a influência do estágio supervisionado. Participaram deste estudo 500 universitários de ambos os sexos, entre 18 e 58 anos (m = 26,43; dp = 6,97), do primeiro ao décimo período, sendo que 279 (55,8%) já haviam realizado estágio curricular. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio da Escala de Avaliação da Motivação para Aprender de Alunos Universitários. Os resultados mostraram que alunos dos cursos de Enfermagem e Fisioterapia eram mais motivados que os de Educação Física. Em nenhum dos cursos foram encontradas diferenças de motivação entre sexo masculino e feminino. A análise que comparou os alunos que fizeram estágio e não fizeram estágio também não foi significativa.
Abstract Studies have shown that motivation to learn is associated to good academic performance. Our goal was to investigate differences in learning motivation among the courses of physiotherapy, physical education, and nursery, and the influence of a supervised internship. Participants included 500 university students of both sexes, aged between 18 and 58 years (M = 26.43; SD =6.97), from the first to the tenth period, of which 279 (55.8%) had already completed a curricular internship. Data collection was conducted with the Scale for evaluation of motivation lo learn of university students. Results showed that the nursery and physiotherapy students were more motivated than those of physical education courses. No differences in motivation were not found between men and women in any of the courses. The analysis that compared the students who completed an internship and those who did not, showed no relevant significance.
Resumen Los estudios han demostrado que la motivación para aprender está asociada a un buen desempeño académico. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar si hay diferencias de motivación entre los cursos de fisioterapia, educación física y enfermería, y la influencia de las pasantías supervisadas. Participaron en este estudio 500 estudiantes universitarios de ambos sexos, entre 18 y 58 años (m = 26,43; de = 6, 97), del primer al décimo período, y 279 (55,8%) ya habían realizado esas pasantías supervisadas. La recopilación de datos se llevó a cabo a través de la Escala de Evaluación de Motivación para aprender de los Alumnos Universitarios. Los resultados mostraron que los alumnos de los cursos de enfermería y fisioterapia estaban más motivados que los de educación física. En ninguno de los cursos se encontraron diferencias de motivación por causa del sexo. El análisis que comparó a los estudiantes que hicieron pasantías supervisadas y los que no hicieron tampoco fue significativo.
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