We retrieve ionization rates in the atmosphere caused by energetic electron precipitation from balloon observations in the polar atmosphere and compare them against ionization rates recommended for ...the Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. In our retrieval procedure, we consider the precipitating electrons with energies from about tens of keV to 5 MeV. Our simulations with 1‐D radiative‐convective model with interactive neutral and ion chemistry show that the difference of the Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project and balloon‐based ionization rate can lead to underestimation of the NOx enhancement by more than 100% and ozone loss up to 25% in the mesosphere. The atmospheric response is different below 50 km due to considering highly energetic electrons, but it is not important because the absolute values of atmospheric impact is tiny. Ionization rates obtained from the balloon observations reveal a high variability.
Plain Language Summary
The main idea of our manuscript is to demonstrate that the atmospheric ionization rates (IR) can be successfully retrieved from the long‐term balloon observations of the energetic electron precipitation (EEP) events and used to evaluate the uncertainties of the other IR data sets, for example, IR recommended for the Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). IR obtained from the balloon observations reveal a high variability. This means that the time resolution used in CMIP6 probably is not enough to consider high frequency variability of the precipitating electron fluxes. Using 1‐D radiative‐convective model with neutral and ion chemistry, we compared the atmospheric response to the one particular EEP observed by balloons and presented in CMIP6 data. We show that the difference of the CMIP6 and balloon‐based IRs can lead to underestimation of the NOx enhancement by more than 100% and ozone loss by up to 25% in the mesosphere. Our results are new and needed for the understanding of the potential uncertainties in CMIP6 EEP forcing. Our paper will give inspiration for the continuation of the balloon measurements of EEP‐related processes using improved instruments.
Key Points
Ionization rates (IR) from energetic electron precipitation (EEP) are calculated using balloon observations and compared to the CMIP6 data set
The difference in the atmospheric response calculated with these two data sets can exceed 100% for NOx and reach 25% for O3
IR obtained from balloon measurements reveal a high temporal variability, which is absent in CMIP6 data
Polar regions are the most exposed to secondary particles and radiation produced by primary cosmic rays in the atmosphere, because naturally they are with marginal geomagnetic shielding. In addition, ...the secondary particle flux contributing to the complex radiation field is enhanced at high-mountain altitudes compared to sea level because of the reduced atmospheric attenuation. At present, there are very few systematic experimental measurements of environmental dose at high southern latitudes, specifically at high-altitude region. Here, we report a campaign of measurements with different devices, that is passive and Liulin-type dosimeters, of the radiation background at high-mountain Antarctic station Vostok (3488 m above sea level, 78° 27′ S; 106° 50′ E). We compare the measurements with a Monte Carlo-based model for the propagation of the cosmic rays through the atmosphere and assessment of the radiation field in the atmosphere. We employed the model to estimate the radiation dose at Vostok station during the ground-level enhancement at 28 October 2021. As in previous studies by other teams, we show that the annual dose equivalent at high-altitude Antarctic facilities can significantly exceed the limit of 1 mSv established for the general population by the ICRP.
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•Measurement of radiation background at high-altitude Antarctic station Vostok•Comparison with model for propagation of the cosmic rays through the atmosphere•Assessment of the contribution of cosmic rays to radiation during solar proton event•The dose at high-altitude Antarctic stations significantly exceeds the limit of 1 mSv.
There is given a construction of a series of semisimple finite-dimensional Hopf algebras having a single irreducible representation of dimension greater than 1. This dimension is equal to the number ...of one-dimensional representations.
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The need for radiation monitoring at coal-mining facilities with the aim of detecting high ionization of gas−dust mixture in the air of mines is demonstrated. An assessment of mining sites by ...surface dosimetry is proposed in order to identify potential gas leaks in dissintegrating massifs (faults and changes in rock permeability during works). Example applications of surface dosimetry are provided.
Wastewater from industrial enterprises of the phosphorus sub-industry creates environmental risks on a regional scale. Based on the results of industrial monitoring of the production of extraction of ...phosphoric acid and mineral fertilizers, the operating range of concentrations of fluorine ions (0.6–4.0 g/dm
3
) and phosphorus in terms of P
2
O
5
(10–15 g/dm
3
) in industrial effluents was obtained. The change in the controlled components is due to seasonal phenomena, the technology used for processing raw materials, fluctuations in the total volume of wastewater. In laboratory conditions, an installation has been created that simulates the process of cleaning acidic wastewater by neutralization, as a result of which products are formed – poorly soluble compounds of hazard class 3–4. The difference between the laboratory and the industrial scheme is the recycling of part of the resulting sludge. The latter initiates the deposition process and reduces the sedimentation time. The recirculation coefficient of the precipitationd sludge, which is the mass ratio of the amount of solid phase introduced during the neutralization process to the mass of the solid phase formed as a result of the reaction, varied from 1 to 8. The recirculation coefficient was determined based on the ratio of the concentration of the solid phase formed as a result of the reaction (20 g/dm
3
) to the concentration of the solid phase after thickening of the suspension (100 g/dm
3
). It has been experimentally established that with a multiplicity of sludge circulation equal to three, higher indicators of the wastewater neutralization process are provided: a decrease in the consumption of alkaline reagent and pH from 10–11 to 7–8, an increase in the degree of extraction of phosphorus and fluorine compounds, a decrease in their concentration in purified water to regulated values (fluorine ions less than 0.05 mg/dm
3
and phosphate-ions less than 0.2 mg/dm
3
) and a more advanced water circulation system at the enterprise.
Abstract
This work is devoted to a research of water droplets that are put in-between two parallel metal strings the distance between which is comparable to linear size of the droplet. Strings are ...heated by Joule heating to temperatures that exceed critical temperatures of nucleate and film boiling. Different configurations of strings’ side surface have been tested: smooth and with winding made of the same material (intermittent and uninterrupted). Experiments have shown that droplets on these types of surface do not boil away quickly or fall down. Instead they displayed behavior that can be described as floating, either stable or with directed motion, depending on surface structure or relief. Multiple experiments have shown that it is quite similar to Leidenfrost effect demonstrated on a flat overheated surface by liquids.
A study is performed of the optical and physical properties of oxide materials and aluminum nitride that allow targeted approaches to developing criteria for estimating the dosimetry potential of ...materials. It is proposed that mass-produced oxide thermoluminescent detectors and ceramic materials based on AlN and Al
2
O
3
be used in the dosimetry of weakly penetrating radiation of high intensity.
This review considers the topological fermion condensation quantum phase transition (FCQPT) that explains the complex behavior of strongly correlated Fermi systems, such as frustrated insulators with ...quantum spin liquid and heavy fermion metals. The review contrasts theoretical consideration with recent experimental data collected on both heavy fermion metals (HF) and frustrated insulators. Such a method allows to understand experimental data. We also consider experimental data collected on quantum spin liquid in Lu3Cu2Sb3O14 and quasi-one dimensional (1D) quantum spin liquid in both YbAlO3 and Cu(C4H4N2)(NO3)2 with the aim to establish a sound theoretical explanation for the observed scaling laws, Landau Fermi liquid (LFL) and non-Fermi-liquid (NFL) behavior exhibited by these frustrated insulators. The recent experimental data on the heavy-fermion metal α-YbAl1-xFexB4, with x=0.014, and on its sister compounds β-YbAlB4 and YbCo2Ge4, carried out under the application of magnetic field as a control parameter are analyzed. We show that the thermodynamic and transport properties as well as the empirical scaling laws follow from the fermion condensation theory. We explain how both the similarity and the difference in the thermodynamic and transport properties of α-YbAl1-xFexB4 and in its sister compounds β-YbAlB4 and YbCo2Ge4 emerge, as well as establish connection of these (HF) metals with insulators Lu3Cu2Sb3O14, Cu(C4H4N2)(NO3)2 and YbAlO3. We demonstrate that the universal LFL and NFL behavior emerge because the HF compounds and the frustrated insulators are located near the topological FCQPT or are driven by the application of magnetic fields.
The study demonstrates use of TLD-K thermoluminescent detectors of ionizing radiation, which are made of a glass-based amorphous material, to measure high-density and high-intensity radiation, i.e., ...to doses of up to 1 kGy in the operating dosimetric peak at dose rates of up to 10
11
Gy/s.
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