Endogenous Cycles in Collateralized Credit ARBUZOV, VYACHESLAV; AWAYA, YU; FUKAI, HIROKI ...
Journal of money, credit and banking,
March-April 2024, Volume:
56, Issue:
2-3
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
This paper presents a simple and tractable equilibrium model, where collateralized credit emerges under limited commitment. We show that even if there is no time variation in fundamentals, credit ...trade can fluctuate endogenously over time. In our theory, credit fragilities are associated with endogenous fluctuations in trade probabilities, collateral values, and lending volumes.
Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA; MIM 256800) is an autosomal-recessive disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of unexplained fever, anhidrosis (absence of sweating) and ...absence of reaction to noxious stimuli, self-mutilating behaviour and mental retardation. The genetic basis for CIPA is unknown. Nerve growth factor (NGF) induces neurite outgrowth and promotes survival of embryonic sensory and sympathetic neurons. Mice lacking the gene for TrkA, a receptor tyrosine kinase for NGF, share dramatic phenotypic features of CIPA, including loss of responses to painful stimuli, although anhidrosis is not apparent in these animals. We therefore considered the human TRKA homologue as a candidate for the CIPA gene. The mRNA and genomic DNA encoding TRKA were analysed in three unrelated CIPA patients who had consanguineous parents. We detected a deletion-, splice- and missense-mutation in the tyrosine kinase domain in these three patients. Our findings strongly suggest that defects in TRKA cause CIPA and that the NGF-TRKA system has a crucial role in the development and function of the nociceptive reception as well as establishment of thermoregulation via sweating in humans. These results also implicate genes encoding other TRK and neurotrophin family members as candidates for developmental defect(s) of the nervous system.
A model for net primary productivity (NPP) estimation was developed based on a relationship between NPP estimated by the Chikugo model and the intensity-sum of the normalized difference vegetation ...index (NDVI) multiplied by the solar radiation during growth periods. There was a clear linear relationship between the estimated NPP and the intensity-sum (R
2
=0.845), whose slope indicated the average light use efficiency (LUE) of global plants. The NPP estimation model (NDVI-based model), which included growth multipliers of optimum air temperature and soil water stress on vegetation growth with LUE, was developed. NDVI anomalies caused by scattering of volcanic ash from Mt Pinatubo were reduced by a correction based on intensity matching of channels 1 and 2 individually. NDVI retrieved a seasonal change pattern in 1991 and 1992 after the correction. Global NPP between 1988 and 1993 was estimated using the NDVI-based model, corrected NDVI, air temperature and soil water content data. There was a linear relationship between the estimated NPP and NPP observed in forests in China. The average global NPP during the 6 years was about 123 Pg dry weight per year, and the maximum and minimum NPP appeared in 1991 and 1988, respectively.
The human TRKA gene encodes a high-affinity tyrosine kinase receptor for nerve growth factor. Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder ...reported from various countries and characterized by anhidrosis (inability to sweat), the absence of reaction to noxious stimuli, and mental retardation. We have found that TRKA is the gene responsible for CIPA. We have studied TRKA in 46 CIPA chromosomes derived from 23 unrelated Japanese CIPA families. including three that have been previously reported, and identified 11 novel mutations. Four (L93P, G516R, R648 C, and D668Y) are missense mutations that result in amino acid substitutions at positions conserved in the TRK family, including TRKA, TRKB, and TRKC. Three (S131 fs, L579 fs, and D770 fs) are frameshift mutations. Three (E164X, Y359X, and R596X) are nonsense mutations. The other is an intronic branch-site (IVS7-33T-->A) mutation, causing aberrant splicing in vitro. We also report the characterization of eight intragenic polymorphic sites, including a variable dinucleotide repeat and seven single nucleotide polymorphisms, and describe the haplotypic associations of alleles at these sites in 106 normal chromosomes and 46 CIPA chromosomes. More than 50% of CIPA chromosomes share the frameshift mutation (R548 fs) that we described earlier. This mutation apparently shows linkage disequilibrium with a rare haplotype in normal chromosomes, strongly suggesting that it is a common founder mutation. These findings represent the first extensive analysis of CIPA mutations and associated intragenic polymorphisms; they should facilitate the detection of CIPA mutations and aid in the diagnosis and genetic counseling of this painless but severe genetic disorder with devastating complications.
Serum levels of a high molecular weight circulating antigen KL-6, detected by means of a sandwich assay using a monoclonal
antibody KL-6 against a sialylated carbohydrate antigen, were evaluated for ...usefulness in monitoring the activity of interstitial
pneumonitis. Abnormally high levels of KL-6 antigen were observed in the sera of 34 (58 percent) of 59 patients with interstitial
pneumonitis. There was no significant correlation between serum values of KL-6 antigen and LDH activity. There was a positive
correlation between KL-6 antigen levels and the degree of clinical disease activity as measured by 67Ga-citrate scintigram
and the clinical course. Though this is a preliminary study, these observations suggest that the serum level of KL-6 antigen
may be a useful indicator of disease activity in patients with interstitial pneumonitis. It does not appear to be useful,
however, in the differential diagnosis of interstitial pneumonitis from malignant and nonmalignant diseases.
A previously healthy 16-year-old boy developed acute renal failure following a track race at a local athletic meeting. Several hours after the run, he expressed pain in the loins with nausea and ...vomiting. After 3 sessions of hemodialysis, he was referred to our hospital. On admission, serum creatinine was elevated to 2.3 mg/dl without an increase in serum uric acid level. After recovery from acute renal failure (ARF), hypouricemia (0.7 mg/dl) became evident in the patient. One year later, he suffered from ARF after a track race with the highest creatinine levels of 1.1 mg/dl. In order to clarify the cause and prognosis of ARF with renal hypouricemia, we summarized the clinical features in 18 patients previously described and our patient. Serum uric acid levels after recovery from ARF were below 1.0 mg/dl in all patients. Renal biopsy in 9 patients showed acute tubular necrosis in 8 patients and uric acid nephropathy in 1. The short-term prognosis of these patients seemed good, although 5 patients needed to undergo hemodialysis in their ARF courses. However, the recurrence of ARF episodes occurred in 6 patients (31.6%) including our patient, indicating that prevention of ARF might be necessary in these patients. More information is required to establish guidance for prevention of ARF.
