Fifth-generation (5G) communication technology is intended to offer higher data rates, outstanding user exposure, lower power consumption, and extremely short latency. Such cellular networks will ...implement a diverse multi-layer model comprising device-to-device networks, macro-cells, and different categories of small cells to assist customers with desired quality-of-service (QoS). This multi-layer model affects several studies that confront utilizing interference management and resource allocation in 5G networks. With the growing need for cellular service and the limited resources to provide it, capably handling network traffic and operation has become a problem of resource distribution. One of the utmost serious problems is to alleviate the jamming in the network in support of having a better QoS. However, although a limited number of review papers have been written on resource distribution, no review papers have been written specifically on 5G resource allocation. Hence, this article analyzes the issue of resource allocation by classifying the various resource allocation schemes in 5G that have been reported in the literature and assessing their ability to enhance service quality. This survey bases its discussion on the metrics that are used to evaluate network performance. After consideration of the current evidence on resource allocation methods in 5G, the review hopes to empower scholars by suggesting future research areas on which to focus.
LoRa is an ISM-band based LPWAN communication protocol. Despite their wide network penetration of approximately 20 kilometers or higher using lower than 14 decibels transmitting power, it has been ...extensively documented and used in academia and industry. Although LoRa connectivity defines a public platform and enables users to create independent low-power wireless connections while relying on external architecture, it has gained considerable interest from scholars and the market. The two fundamental components of this platform are LoRaWAN and LoRa PHY. The consumer LoRaWAN component of the technology describes the network model, connectivity procedures, ability to operate the frequency range, and the types of interlinked gadgets. In contrast, the LoRa PHY component is patentable and provides information on the modulation strategy which is being utilized and its attributes. There are now several LoRa platforms available. To create usable LoRa systems, there are presently several technical difficulties to be overcome, such as connection management, allocation of resources, consistent communications, and security. This study presents a thorough overview of LoRa networking, covering the technological difficulties in setting up LoRa infrastructures and current solutions. Several outstanding challenges of LoRa communication are presented depending on our thorough research of the available solutions. The research report aims to stimulate additional research toward enhancing the LoRa Network capacity and allowing more realistic installations.
The purpose of this study is to measure the incidence of recurrence of discrete subaortic stenosis (DSS) after primary resection in two major cardiac centers in Saudi Arabia and to identify risk ...factors associated with recurrence.
Data on 234 patients who were diagnosed with DSS and underwent surgical resection between 1999 and 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Patient demographics as well as echocardiographic, surgical, and pathological data were compared between patients with recurrence and non-recurrence.
The overall recurrence incidence after primary resection was 44.87% (N = 105). Most patients were male (59%). The median age at the 1
operation was 60 months (range 3 months to 133 months). The presence of aortic stenosis at the time of diagnosis was significantly associated with recurrence (p-value = 0.002). The overall median peak gradient in which the primary resection was indicated is 60 mmHg (range 11 to 152 mmHg). The median peak gradient pre-operation and post-operation were significantly higher for the recurrence group (p-value=0.018 and p<0.001, respectively). We used univariate and multivariate analysis and controlled for the follow-up time, but there were no significant independent predictors of recurrence.
The recurrence rate of DSS after the primary resection is relatively high in this study. Further prospective studies are needed to draw a definite conclusion on risk factors for recurrence after primary resection.
In this research paper, we have studied TB (Tuberculosis) patients who come from different traffic routes in order to seek medical help and treatment in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. In this research ...work, we have focused on the transportation problems of the TB patients. These TB patients can travel on the paths having minimum distance as found out in this paper using Dijktra’s Algorithm.
People hope that they have better treatment opportunities and financial medical relief in the government and private hospitals in Karachi. There are many private hospitals in the city but unfortunately, they provide expensive treatments. As a consequence, people belonging to the poor or lower and middle classes approach government hospitals adequately. Among them, Nazimabad Chest Hospital for TB patients (under the supervision of Dow University of Health Sciences) is providing better facilities as compared to the other hospitals involved in providing medical treatments for the similar medical issues. Nazimabad Chest Hospital for TB patients is renowned for its high quality treatment of TB patients. The hospital is located inside Government Hospital Nazimabad (under the control of Dow University), Karachi. It has latest equipments, competent and qualified staff to treat TB patients. Patients have to visit the hospital on weekly basis from their homes and residences. They use several combinations of traffic routes to reach the hospital as these patients live in different areas like, Malir Cantt, Safari Park, Hassan Square, North-Nazimabad, North Karachi, Gulshan-e-Iqbal, etc. A path or road is required which takes the least amount of time and subsequently reduces the transportation charges. In this paper, an effort has been made to locate the shortest route for the convenience for these TB patients. In this paper, a mathematical model has been developed by using the method of Dijkstra’s algorithm to attain the desired objective.
Background
Hemodynamic monitoring is an integral part of a cardiac catheterization procedure; however it is prone to many distortions, including damping and resonance
1
.
Objectives
We sought to ...compare damping ratio, ascending aortic pressure waveform and invasive blood pressure between Manifold and ACIST CVi® devices in subjects undergoing cardiac catheterization.
Methods
This prospective randomised, single-blind, cross-over study was conducted in 81 adults subjects (mean age 59.2 ± 12, 24% females) undergoing cardiac catheterization. The fast-flush test
2
was performed at the beginning of the procedure with both Manifold and ACIST. The square wave was analysed to calculate the damping coefficient. Data analyzed by JMP Pro (SAS for Windows, Version 13)
p
< 0.05 considered significant.
Results
The mean damping ratio was 0.63 ± 0.11 (range 0.34–0.95) with Manifold vs. 0.94 ± 0.25 (range 0.53–2.1) with ACIST, mean difference 0.30,
p
< 0.0001. The pressures were significantly different between the two devices; systolic –2.85 (
p
< 0.05); diastolic –5.2 (
p
< 0.0001) and mean pressure 3.5 (
p
< 0.01), mmHg. The inter-device BP difference showed a wide scatter; systolic, –24 to +67; diastolic, –44 to +25 and mean pressure, –24 to +54 mmHg.
Conclusions
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study comparing a manual haemdynamic monitoring system to an automated one commonly used in the cardiac cath lab. The Manifold meets the international recommendations for accurate haemodynamic monitoring, compared with an overdamped ACIST which also underestimated pressures in our study. Manifold may be the preferred device for haemodynamic monitoring, particularly patients haemodynamically unstable, with cardiomyopathies and valvular heart disease.
Introduction
Left Main Coronary Artery (LMCA) disease is prognostically the most important coronary lesion. LMCA differs from the other coronaries in having high elastin content. Aortic Pulsatility ...(AP) is an independent predictor of cardiovascular events in CAD. We hypothesized that pulsatile stress may be an independent determinant of disease in the LMCA.
Methods
This was a prospective cohort study in patients undergoing coronary angiography between the years 2011 and 2016 (n = 4633, 25% female) at King Abdul Aziz Cardiac Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. We excluded patients with acute myocardial infarction, cardiogenic shock and significant valvular disease. Aortic systolic and diastolic blood pressures (BP) were measured in the ascending aorta. Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) by direct integration of the BP curve and Pulse pressure (PP) as difference between systolic and diastolic BP. AP was calculated as PP/MAP. CAD was defined as > 50% stenosis in any major vessel.
Results
Six percent of the population had LMCA disease (mean age 60 ± 11 years, 25% female). LMCA disease was associated with higher PP (69 ± 22 vs. 58 ± 18, p < 0.0001) despite similar MAP (94 ± 16 vs. 94.5 ± 14, p = 0.92) compared with non-LMCA disease. AP was significantly higher (0.72 ± 0.30) in LMCA disease compared with; 3-vd (0.63 ± 0.32); 2-vd (0.61 ± 0.28), 1-vd (0.58 ± 0.31) and non-obstructive CAD (0.52 ± 0.26) (p < 0.0001). In a stepwise regression model, AP was an independent predictor of LMCA disease (R
2
= 0.68, P < 0.0001) even when adjusted for potential confounders, including MAP, age and gender.
Conclusions
LMCA disease is independently associated with high AP. Considering aortic pulsatile stress to be an independent cardiovascular prognosticator, stiffness of the LMCA may play an important role in plaque formation, hitherto ignored.
Introduction
Invasive intra-aortic pressures are the gold standard for accurate Blood Pressure (BP) measurement. Hypertension management is guided by brachial cuff BP although its accuracy has been ...questioned. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that there may be a discrepancy between brachial and invasive intra-aortic BPs.
Methods
Invasive intra-aortic and brachial cuff pressures were recorded in some 3000 patients undergoing coronary angiography (mean age 58.6 ± 28, 23% female) between 2010 and 2016, at King Abdul AzizCardiac Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Clinical and angiographic data were collected from electronic medical records (Apollo Lx
®
).
Results
Cuff brachial BP underestimated intra-aortic systolic BP (−6.2 mm Hg;95%CI:−7.2 to −5.4 mmHg; p < 0.0001),but overestimated intra-aortic diastolic BP (2.5 mm Hg; 95% CI:1.5 to 3.8 mm Hg;p < 0.001). The discrepancy betweenintra-aortic and brachial systolic BP was significantly higher in women than men(−15 mmHg; 95% CI: −14 to −17 mmHg vs. −3.9mmHg; 95%CI: −2.8 to −4.1 mm Hg, p < 0.0001). Intra-aortic diastolic BP was overestimated by cuff BP in men (0.9 mm Hg; 95% CI;0.74 to 1.26, p < 0.0.001) but underestimated in women ( −3.6 mm Hg;95% CI:−3 to −4 mm Hg, p < 0.0001). While brachial BP correctly estimated intra-aortic systolic BP in subjects <50 yr-olds ( 0.13 mm Hg; 95% CI:−0.57 to 0.85 mm Hg, p = 0.68),there was a large discrepancy in >50 yr-olds ( −8.6 mm Hg; 95% CI: −8.1 to −9.5 mm Hg, p < 0.0001).
Conclusions
Brachial BP underestimates intra-aortic systolic BP, particularly in women, older subjects and at higher BPs with implications for HTN mangagement.
Internet of things is like an umbrella that covers all connected things through the internet. The main objective behind all these connected devices is to share data, collect data and information, in ...the existing ecosystem (people, system, devices, etc.) to perform smartly and help to make human life better, easier, and comfortable. IoT is being used in multiple industries for different purposes such as manufacturing, healthcare, automation, vehicle transportation, etc. which is now called the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). The industrial revolution has made IoT very complex, crowded, and complicated. The recent technological developments of IIoT expect to create assorted applications in diverse domains of IIoT without human effort. Middleware is a system designed to be the intermediary between IoT devices and applications. The number of organizations depends on integrated solutions even these solutions are very complex for their requirements due to the successful communication among applications from various vendors. Generally, middleware provides ease in the development process through heterogeneous communications of devices and computing and supports nteroperability among assorted services and applications. There has been a number of protocols and middleware in IIoT. This paper presents the review of IoT middleware used for diverse environments with respect to the various non - functional requirements.
Invasive physiologic variables such as fractional flow reserve (FFR) and instantaneous wave-free ratio (iFR) are used in clinical practice to assess the functional significance of epicardial coronary ...stenosis and guide the management. However, these two variables may show discrepancies when binary cut-offs are used to decide for revascularization strategy. We investigated the clinical characteristics of lesions with discordance between iFR and FFR.
256 vessels (220 patients mean age 61 ± 12, 77% males) with available pre-intervention FFR and iFR values were included in the study. The vessels were classified according to FFR and iFR into concordant normal (Group 1 n = 112; FFR > 0.8 and iFR > 0.89); discordant with abnormal FFR and normal iFR (Group 2 n = 12); FFR < 0.8 and iFR > 0.89); discordant with normal FFR and abnormal iFR (Group 3 n = 43, FFR > 0.8 and iFR < 0.89) and concordant abnormal (Group 4 n = 89FFR < 0.8 and iFR < 0.89).
Haemodynamically significant lesions were found in 51.5% and 40% for FFR and iFR respectively. Overall, 22% of lesions were discordant with a significantly higher number of females showing disagreement than males (p < 0.001); 5% of the lesions showed Group 2 discordance (abnormal FFR and normal iFR) and some 17% showed Group 3 discordance (normal FFR and abnormal iFR). In a multivariate GEE model, Group 2 discordance was more likely to be associated with male gender, absence of hypertension, diabetes and high percent diameter stenosis (all p < 0.001). Conversely, Group 3 discordance was more likely to be associated with female gender, diagnosis of diabetes and hypertension, and lower percent diameter stenosis (all p < 0.001).
Our study shows that almost a quarter of lesions show discordance for FFR and iFR with a female preponderance. The four groups classified according to FFR and iFR are characterized by differences in clinical characteristics and predictors of discordance. The lesions with discordant FFR and iFR may have a different pathophysiology which warrants further investigation.
RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is the fastest growing technology, as many IoT devices are communicating via RFID technology. During the interaction among RFID reader and tag, collision happens ...in different ways like tag-to-tag, reader-to-reader and reader-to-tag collisions. Several anti-collision techniques are presented to resolve the collision issue. The RFID reader is like a physical sensor; thus, this study shows how the context-aware process is used in the reader and tag interaction. Furthermore, the authors have discussed the context of RFID anti-collision protocol by analyzing how a reader reads a tag and detects collision from a context-aware perspective. This study examines the method of working of anti-collision techniques from a context-aware perspective. The study gives a brief overview of how an anti-collision technique is working in RFID reader and tag communication. The core focus of this study is to compare anti-collision techniques and examine from a context-aware perspective. In this paper, RFID reader and tag communication is mapped with a context-aware cycle. By examining anti-collision techniques as an outcome, efforts have been made in this paper to determine which anti-collision technique is working better from a context-aware perspective. As per our findings, the discontinuous collision bit mapping algorithm (DCCMA) is a better approach as compared to other anti-collision techniques. Through this paper, we have found out that (DCCMA) anti-collision technique is better from a context-aware perspective.
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