Oral Cancer: A Historical Review Inchingolo, Francesco; Santacroce, Luigi; Ballini, Andrea ...
International journal of environmental research and public health,
2020-May-02, Volume:
17, Issue:
9
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
: This historical medical literature review aims at understanding the evolution of the medical existence of oral cancer over times, particularly better comprehending if the apparent lower prevalence ...of this type of cancer in antiquity is a real value due to the absence of modern environmental and lifestyle factors or it is linked to a misinterpretation of ancient foreign terms found in ancient medical texts regarding oral neoplasms.
: The databases MedLne, PubMed, Web of Science, Elsevier's EMBASE.com, Cochrane Review, National Library of Greece (Stavros Niarchos Foundation, Athens) and the Library of the School of Health Sciences of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (Greece) were extensively searched for relevant studies published during the past century on the history of oral cancer and its treatment from antiquity to modern times, in addition to the WHO website to analyse the latest epidemiological data. In addition, we included historical books on the topic of interest and original sources.
: Historical references reveal that the cradle of the oral oncology was in ancient Egypt, the Asian continent and Greece and cancer management was confined to an approximate surgical practice, in order to remove abnormal masses and avoid bleeding with cauterization. In the Medieval Age, little progress occurred in medicine in general, oral cancers management included. It is only from the Renaissance to modern times that knowledge about its pathophysiological mechanisms and histopathology and its surgical and pharmacological treatment approaches became increasingly deep all over the world, evolving to the actual integrated treatment. Despite the abundant literature exploring oncology in past civilizations, the real prevalence of oral cancer in antiquity is much less known; but a literature analysis cannot exclude a consistent prevalence of this cancer in past populations, probably with a likely lower incidence than today, because many descriptions of its aggressiveness were found in ancient medical texts, but it is still difficult to be sure that each single description of oral masses could be associated to cancer, particularly for what concerns the period before the Middle Ages.
: Modern oncologists and oral surgeons must learn a lot from their historic counterparts in order to avoid past unsuccessful efforts to treatment oral malignancies. Several descriptions of oral cancers in the antiquity that we found let us think that this disease might be linked to mechanisms not strictly dependent on environmental risk factors, and this might guide future research on oral cavity treatments towards strategical cellular and molecular techniques.
The recent COVID-19 pandemic promoted efforts to better understand the organization of the respiratory microbiome and its evolution from birth to adulthood and how it interacts with external ...pathogens and the host immune system. This review aims to deepen understanding of the essential physiological functions of the resident microbiome of the respiratory system on human health and diseases. First, the general characteristics of the normal microbiota in the different anatomical sites of the airways have been reported in relation to some factors such as the effect of age, diet and others on its composition and stability. Second, we analyze in detail the functions and composition and the correct functionality of the microbiome in the light of current knowledge. Several studies suggest the importance of preserving the micro-ecosystem of commensal, symbiotic and pathogenic microbes of the respiratory system, and, more recently, its relationship with the intestinal microbiome, and how it also leads to the maintenance of human health, has become better understood.
Antibiotic resistance is a pressing topic, which also affects β-lactam antibiotic molecules. Until a few years ago, it was considered no more than an interesting species from an academic point of ...view,
is today one of the most serious threats to public health, so much so that it has been declared one of the species for which the search for new antibiotics, or new ways to avoid its resistance, is an absolute priority according to WHO. Although there are several molecular mechanisms that are responsible for the extreme resistance of
to antibiotics, a class D β-lactamase is the main cause for the clinical concern of this bacterial species. In this work, we analyzed the
OXA-23 protein via molecular dynamics. The results obtained show that this protein is able to assume different conformations, especially in some regions around the active site. Part of the OXA-23 protein has considerable conformational motility, while the rest is less mobile. The importance of these observations for understanding the functioning mechanism of the enzyme as well as for designing new effective molecules for the treatment of
is discussed.
Genetic and environmental factors are underlying causes of obesity and other metabolic diseases, so it is therefore difficult to find suitable and effective medical treatments. However, without a ...doubt, the gut microbiota-and also the bacteria present in the oral cavity-act as key factors in the development of these pathologies, yet the mechanisms have not been fully described. Certainly, a more detailed knowledge of the structure of the microbiota-composition, intra- and inter-species relationships, metabolic functions-could be of great help in counteracting the onset of obesity. Identifying key bacterial species will allow us to create a database of "healthy" bacteria, making it possible to manipulate the bacterial community according to metabolic and clinical needs. Targeting gut microbiota in clinical care as treatment for obesity and health-related complications-even just for weight loss has become a real possibility. In this topical review we provide an overview of the role of the microbiota on host energy homeostasis and obesity-related metabolic diseases, therefore addressing the therapeutic potential of novel and existing strategies (impact of nutrition/dietary modulation, and fecal microbiota transplantation) in the treatment of metabolic disease.
...MSC and D-dMSC therapies have significant implications for human health: clinical studies are greatly needed to confirm or stimulate the basic and translational researches aimed at reaching ...cutting-edge results 10–13. The most reported translational use of MSC/D-dMSC therapy is related to bone tissue regeneration: in fact, many authors have investigated on the osteogenic ability of different stem cell types and genes, such as TGFβ1 that enhances MSC commitment to either the osteogenic or adipogenic lineages by reorganizing the actin cytoskeleton (M. Elsafadi et al.), as well as on the use of a PRP blood clot stabilizer to treat infrabony periodontal defects (M. Saleem et al.) and the use of vitamin D in dental-derived MSCs that promote osteogenic differentiation through the modulation of αVβ3 (F. Posa et al.), the role played by the ganglioside GM1 in the osteogenic differentiation of human tendon stem cells (S. Bergante et al.), or via low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields (P. S. P. Poh et al.) Some authors have focused their researches on umbilical cord stem cells, due to their large application on translational medicine (D. R. Kwon et al.), as well on miRNA-132 MSC-derived exosomes in the treatment of myocardial infarction (T. Ma et al.). ...experimental findings from in silico studies, on the one hand, highlighted the promotive role of hypoxia in MSC proliferation (S. Gao et al.); on the other hand, it was reported that an in vitro loading model (2D and 3D in combination with different scaffolds) represents a simple and very efficient way to investigate molecular events during orthodontic tooth movement (M. Janjic et al.).
Poor diet, obesity and a sedentary lifestyle have a significant impact on natural microbiota disorders; specifically, the intestinal one. This in turn can lead to a multitude of organ dysfunctions. ...The gut microbiota contains more than 500 species of bacteria and constitutes 95% of the total number of cells in the human body, thus contributing significantly to the host's resistance to infectious diseases. Nowadays, consumers have turned to purchased foods, especially those containing probiotic bacteria or prebiotics, that constitute some of the functional food market, which is constantly expanding. Indeed, there are many products available that incorporate probiotics, such as yogurt, cheese, juices, jams, cookies, salami sausages, mayonnaise, nutritional supplements, etc. The probiotics are microorganisms that, when taken in sufficient amounts, contribute positively to the health of the host and are the focus of interest for both scientific studies and commercial companies. Thus, in the last decade, the introduction of DNA sequencing technologies with subsequent bioinformatics processing contributes to the in-depth characterization of the vast biodiversity of the gut microbiota, their composition, their connection with the physiological function-known as homeostasis-of the human organism, and their involvement in several diseases. Therefore, in this study, we highlighted the extensive investigation of current scientific research for the association of those types of functional foods containing probiotics and prebiotics in the diet and the composition of the intestinal microbiota. As a result, this study can form the foundation for a new research path based on reliable data from the literature, acting a guide in the continuous effort to monitor the rapid developments in this field.
Gastric adenocarcinoma is the fourth most common type of cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in the world. Despite abundant traces of an ancient history, the comprehension of its ...pathogenic mechanisms is rather recent and continuously updated.
We investigated about how the ancient civilizations tried to understand the exactly physiopathology of gastric cancer, from the time when they could not examine deeply the histological and pathophysiologic aspects of the disease, but they just based their knowledge on a visual analysis of the signs and consequences of such disease. We examined the historical evolving knowledge of the disease along the centuries on the gastroenterological, pharmacological, and surgical fields, defining how gastric cancer became an increasingly curable disease.
Cancer was known in the ancient world. Ancient people did not know exactly the causes but the climatic, hygienic, and food conditions were the first to be considered over time, also taking into consideration supernatural negative influences. During the Renaissance, a tumultuous time of scientific discoveries started, thanks to an increasing number of autopsies made on cadavers and to the progressions in visual analysis of the stomach mucosa throughout endoscopy. From the first gastric surgery in 1879, many steps forward have been made and, today, gastric cancer is regarded as a more curable disease; one important discovery in this field has been the revelation of the role of
in the peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and in some forms of gastric lymphoma.
Gastric cancer has the fourth highest incidence of various cancers worldwide and is ranked second as a cause of cancer-related death. It exists from the antiquity and a lot of hypotheses have been developed about its etiology during the centuries, influencing its therapy. During the 20th century, thanks to the scientific and technological progresses the causes of the cancer have been discovered and the role of the bacterium
has been demonstrated, and new perspective research are currently trying to investigate the role of other microorganisms in gastric physiopathology, as well as its possible modulation by probiotics.
Current medical knowledge and research on patients’ management are still evolving, and several protocols on minimizing risk of infection by Candida spp. among the population have developed. The aim ...of this work is to review the epidemiological and biomolecular characteristics and the various histopathological carcinogenesis hypothesis mechanisms that can occur during Candida albicans infections. Current evidence from the literature on the role of C. albicans during potentially malignant oral disorders and oral cancer has been sought. Thus, these biomolecular processes can give or contribute to benign lesions, also in precancerous or cancerous situations. Alongside this, the physiological microorganism oral flora (microbiota) can play a crucial role in maintaining oral health during those infections and therefore avoid carcinogenesis.
The histological and histomorphometrical results were evaluated between vital whole and non-vital endodontically treated teeth used as autologous grafts in post-extractive socket preservation ...procedures.
Twenty-eight patients (average age 51.79 ± 5.97 years) with post-extractive defects were enrolled in five dentistry centers. All patients were divided into two groups: with whole teeth (Group 1) and teeth with endodontical root canal therapy (Group 2). The extracted teeth were processed with the Tooth Transformer device to obtain a demineralized and granulated graft material used with a resorbable collagen membrane for socket preservation. After four months, 32 bone biopsies were obtained for histological, histomorphometric, and statistical analysis.
During the bone healing period, no infection signs were observed. Nineteen biopsies in group 1 and 13 biopsies in group 2 were detected. The histological analysis showed neither inflammatory nor infective reaction in both groups. Autologous grafts surrounded by new bone were observed in all samples and, at high magnification, partially resorbed dentin and enamel structures were detected. No gutta-percha or cement was identified. Small non-statistically significant differences between the groups, in total bone volume (BV), autologous graft residual, and vital bone percentage were detected.
The study showed that the TT Transformer grafts were capable of producing new vital bone in socket preservation procedures. The histomorphometric results showed no statistical differences comparing whole and endodontically treated teeth in bone regeneration. Further studies will be carried out in order to understand the advantages of the autologous graft materials obtained from the tooth compared with the current biomaterials in bone regeneration treatments.
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