The purpose of this study was to prepare various 4-substituted N-phenyl-1,2,3-triazole derivatives using click chemistry. The derivatives were screened in vitro for antimicrobial activity against ...Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv (ATCC 27294) using the Alamar Blue susceptibility test. The activity was expressed as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in μg/mL (μM). Derivatives of isoniazid (INH), (E)-N′-(1-aryl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-yl)methylene isonicotinoyl hydrazides, exhibited significant activity with MIC values ranging from 2.5 to 0.62 μg/mL. In addition, they displayed low cytotoxicity against liver cells (hepatoma HepG2) and kidney cells (BGM), thereby providing a high therapeutic index. The results demonstrated the potential and importance of developing new INH derivatives to treat mycobacterial infections.
A vacinação é uma das ações mais efetivas para proteger o indivíduo e a população contra doenças imunopreveníveis. Vacinas são produtos seguros e eficazes, porém, como qualquer outro medicamento, ...podem causar eventos adversos, que ganham maior visibilidade na medida em que as doenças são controladas, eliminadas ou erradicadas. Este trabalho analisou as ações de vigilância de eventos adversos pós-vacinação (EAPV) com base em dados da literatura científica e sites de programas de imunizações, agências reguladoras e de saúde, além da expertise dos autores nas áreas de imunizações e farmacovigilância. Com o aumento do número de vacinas no calendário básico e a ampliação do acesso da população, tornou-se fundamental o estabelecimento de um sistema eficiente de vigilância de EAPV no Brasil. Entretanto, a subnotificação de casos no Brasil e em outros países dificulta a detecção de EAPV, principalmente os raros. Informações sempre atualizadas sobre o benefício/risco das vacinas permitem que programas de imunizações deem respostas rápidas e claras aos rumores de EAPV. Isso garante a confiabilidade no sistema, ainda mais diante do crescente movimento antivacinista e a influência cada vez maior das mídias sociais na opinião pública.
Immunization is one of the most effective measures to protect individuals and the population against vaccine-preventable diseases. Vaccines are safe and effective products, but like any other drug they can cause adverse events, which tend to become more visible as the diseases are controlled, eliminated, or eradicated. This study analyzed activities in the surveillance of adverse events following immunization (AEFI) based on data from the scientific literature, websites of immunization programs and health andregulatory agencies, and the authors’ expertise in the areas of immunizations and pharmacovigilance. With the increase in the number of vaccines in the basic immunization schedule and expansion of the population’s access, it has become essential to establish an efficient surveillance system for AEFI in Brazil. However, underreporting of cases in Brazil and in other countries hinders the detection of AEFI, especially rare events. Constantly updated information on vaccines’ risks and benefits allows immunization programs to provide rapid and clear responses to rumors of AEFI. This ensures the system’s reliability, especially in the face of the growing antivaccine movement and the increasing influence of social media in public opinion.
La vacunación es una de las acciones más efectivas para proteger al individuo y a la población contra enfermedades inmunoprevenibles. Las vacunas son productos seguros y eficaces, sin embargo, como cualquier otro medicamento, pueden causar eventos adversos, que tienen mayor visibilidad según se controlen, eliminen o se erradiquen las enfermedades. Este trabajo analizó las acciones de vigilancia de eventos adversos posvacunación (EAPV), basándose en datos de la literatura científica y sitios web de programas de inmunizaciones, agencias reguladoras y de salud, además de la expertise de los autores en las áreas de inmunizaciones y farmacovigilancia. Con el aumento del número de vacunas en el calendario básico y la ampliación del acceso de la población, se hizo fundamental el estabelecimiento de un sistema eficiente de vigilancia de EAPV en Brasil. Sin embargo, la subnotificación de casos en Brasil y en otros países dificulta la detección de EAPV, principalmente, los raros. Informaciones siempre actualizadas sobre el beneficio/riesgo de las vacunas permiten que programas de inmunizaciones proporcionen respuestas rápidas y claras a los rumores sobre EAPV. Esto garantiza la confianza en el sistema, incluso más aún ante el creciente movimiento antivacunas y la influencia cada vez mayor de los redes sociales en la opinión pública.
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is an ATP-dependent efflux pump encoded by the MDR1 gene in humans, known to mediate multidrug resistance of neoplastic cells to cancer therapy. For several decades, P-gp ...inhibition has drawn many significant research efforts in an attempt to overcome this phenomenon. However, P-gp is also constitutively expressed in normal human epithelial tissues and, due to its broad substrate specificity, to its cellular polarized expression in many excretory and barrier tissues, and to its great efflux capacity, it can play a crucial role in limiting the absorption and distribution of harmful xenobiotics, by decreasing their intracellular accumulation. Such a defense mechanism can be of particular relevance at the intestinal level, by significantly reducing the intestinal absorption of the xenobiotic and, consequently, avoiding its access to the target organs. In this review, the current knowledge on this important efflux pump is summarized, and a new focus is brought on the therapeutic interest of inducing and/or activating P-gp for limiting the toxicity caused by its substrates. Several in vivo and in vitro studies validating the use of such a therapeutic strategy are discussed. An extensive literature search for reported P-gp inducers/activators and for the experimental models used in their characterization was conducted. Those studies demonstrate that effective antidotal pathways can be achieved by efficiently promoting the P-gp-mediated efflux of deleterious xenobiotics, resulting in a significant reduction in their intracellular levels and, consequently, in a significant reduction of their toxicity.
O artigo pauta-se em tese realizada no município do RJ, entre 2014-2018. Objetivou-se analisar as políticas educacionais de formação continuada e valorização dos professores do Programa de Educação ...de Jovens e Adultos (Peja), face as Metas 15, 16, 17 e 18, do Plano Nacional de Educação (PNE 2014-2024)), dirigidas pelos agentes da Gerência de Educação de Jovens e Adultos (Geja/SME-RJ). O Peja é um programa específico do município, que atende aos alunos jovens e adultos que não estudaram na idade regular. Constitui-se como: pesquisa qualitativa; método do Materialismo Histórico-Dialético; análise de conteúdo de Bardin e Bourdieu como referencial teórico, com os conceitos: agente, campo, habitus, capital cultural e violência simbólica. Conclui-se que, embora a Geja/SME/RJ fomente políticas voltadas à formação continuada e valorização dos professores do Peja, muito precisa fazer, pois dos 1.134 professores, 102 ou 9% deles não possuem o nível superior completo, exigido pela Meta 15. A Meta 16, que prevê formação de 50% dos professores, em nível de pós-graduação até o final da vigência do Plano, em 2024, é possível ser cumprida, embora difícil, pois 242 professores, correspondendo apenas a 21,35%, possuem formação desejada. A Meta 17 que prevê a equiparação do rendimento médio dos professores com os demais profissionais de escolaridade equivalente, mostra-se coerente com o que é estipulado pelo PNE. A Meta 18 que estabelece a criação e regulamentação do Plano de Cargos, Salário e Carreira do Magistério, vigora no município, porém este apresenta distorções gritantes que estão em processo de ajustes.
Khat and synthetic cathinones: a review Valente, Maria João; Guedes de Pinho, Paula; de Lourdes Bastos, Maria ...
Archives of toxicology,
2014/1, Volume:
88, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
For centuries, ‘khat sessions’ have played a key role in the social and cultural traditions among several communities around Saudi Arabia and most East African countries. The identification of ...cathinone as the main psychoactive compound of khat leaves, exhibiting amphetamine-like pharmacological properties, resulted in the synthesis of several derivatives structurally similar to this so-called natural amphetamine. Synthetic cathinones were primarily developed for therapeutic purposes, but promptly started being misused and extensively abused for their euphoric effects. In the mid-2000’s, synthetic cathinones emerged in the recreational drug markets as legal alternatives (‘legal highs’) to amphetamine, ‘ecstasyʼ, or cocaine. Currently, they are sold as ‘bath salts’ or ‘plant foodʼ, under ambiguous labels lacking information about their true contents. Cathinone derivatives are conveniently available online or at ‘smartshops’ and are much more affordable than the traditional illicit drugs. Despite the scarcity of scientific data on these ‘legal highs’, synthetic cathinones use became an increasingly popular practice worldwide. Additionally, criminalization of these derivatives is often useless since for each specific substance that gets legally controlled, one or more structurally modified analogs are introduced into the legal market. Chemically, these substances are structurally related to amphetamine. For this reason, cathinone derivatives share with this drug both central nervous system stimulating and sympathomimetic features. Reports of intoxication and deaths related to the use of ‘bath salts’ have been frequently described over the last years, and several attempts to apply a legislative control on synthetic cathinones have been made. However, further research on their pharmacological and toxicological properties is fully required in order to access the actual potential harm of synthetic cathinones to general public health. The present work provides a review on khat and synthetic cathinones, concerning their historical background, prevalence, patterns of use, legal status, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and their physiological and toxicological effects on animals and humans.
•The review provides new information regarding the neurotoxicity mechanisms of herbicides and pesticides.•New perspectives concerning chronic pesticide exposure with amyotrophic lateral ...sclerosis.•Novel information regarding paraquat exposure and Parkinson's disease.•New insights regarding chronic pesticide exposure and Alzheimer's disease.
The etiology of most neurodegenerative disorders is multifactorial and consists of an interaction between environmental factors and genetic predisposition. The role of pesticide exposure in neurodegenerative disease has long been suspected, but the specific causative agents and the mechanisms underlying are not fully understood. For the main neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis there are evidences linking their etiology with long-term/low-dose exposure to pesticides such as paraquat, maneb, dieldrin, pyrethroids and organophosphates. Most of these pesticides share common features, namely the ability to induce oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, α-synuclein fibrillization and neuronal cell loss. This review aims to clarify the role of pesticides as environmental risk factors in genesis of idiopathic PD and other neurological syndromes. For this purpose, the most relevant epidemiological and experimental data is highlighted in order to discuss the molecular mechanisms involved in neurodegeneration.
Draft Endorsed by the FEEDAP Panel
*
18 May 2017
Submitted for public consultation
15 June 2017
End of public consultation
15 September 2017
Adopted by the FEEDAP Panel
21 February 2018
...Implementation date
1 September 2018
* Sections 3.1 and 3.2 were also endorsed by the EFSA Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO), EFSA Panel on Food Contact Materials, Enzymes, Flavourings and Processing Aids (CEF) and EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources Added to Food (ANS) on 18 May (GMO) and 7 June (CEF and ANS) 2017.
This guidance document is intended to assist the applicant in the preparation and the presentation of an application, as foreseen in Article 7.6 of Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003, for the authorisation of additives for use in animal nutrition. It specifically covers the characterisation of microorganisms used as feed additives or as production organisms.
This publication is linked to the following EFSA Supporting Publications article: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/sp.efsa.2018.EN-1389/full
An updated review on synthetic cathinones Soares, Jorge; Costa, Vera Marisa; Bastos, Maria de Lourdes ...
Archives of toxicology,
09/2021, Volume:
95, Issue:
9
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Cathinone, the main psychoactive compound found in the plant
Catha edulis
Forsk. (khat), is a β-keto analogue of amphetamine, sharing not only the phenethylamine structure, but also the ...amphetamine-like stimulant effects. Synthetic cathinones are derivatives of the naturally occurring cathinone that largely entered the recreational drug market at the end of 2000s. The former “legal status”, impressive marketing strategies and their commercial availability, either in the so-called “smartshops” or via the Internet, prompted their large spread, contributing to their increasing popularity in the following years. As their popularity increased, the risks posed for public health became clear, with several reports of intoxications and deaths involving these substances appearing both in the social media and scientific literature. The regulatory measures introduced thereafter to halt these trending drugs of abuse have proved to be of low impact, as a continuous emergence of new non-controlled derivatives keep appearing to replace those prohibited. Users resort to synthetic cathinones due to their psychostimulant properties but are often unaware of the dangers they may incur when using these substances. Therefore, studies aimed at unveiling the pharmacological and toxicological properties of these substances are imperative, as they will provide increased expertise to the clinicians that face this problem on a daily basis. The present work provides a comprehensive review on history and legal status, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, adverse effects and lethality in humans, as well as on the current knowledge of the neurotoxic mechanisms of synthetic cathinones.
Amanita phalloides, also known as ‘death cap’, is one of the most poisonous mushrooms, being involved in the majority of human fatal cases of mushroom poisoning worldwide. This species contains three ...main groups of toxins: amatoxins, phallotoxins, and virotoxins. From these, amatoxins, especially α-amanitin, are the main responsible for the toxic effects in humans. It is recognized that α-amanitin inhibits RNA polymerase II, causing protein deficit and ultimately cell death, although other mechanisms are thought to be involved. The liver is the main target organ of toxicity, but other organs are also affected, especially the kidneys. Intoxication symptoms usually appear after a latent period and may include gastrointestinal disorders followed by jaundice, seizures, and coma, culminating in death. Therapy consists in supportive measures, gastric decontamination, drug therapy and, ultimately, liver transplantation if clinical condition worsens. The discovery of an effective antidote is still a major unsolved issue. The present paper examines the clinical toxicology of A. phalloides, providing the currently available information on the mechanisms of toxicityinvolved and on the current knowledge on the treatment prescribed against this type of mushrooms. Antidotal perspectives will be raised as to set the pace to new and improved therapy against these mushrooms.
•Amanita phalloides poisoning is a serious public health problem worldwide.•The currently available information on the α-amanitin mechanisms of toxicity is herein reviewed.•The efficacy and limitations of antidotes most commonly used against amatoxins-poisoning is herein discussed.
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