The cosmic web contains filamentary structure on a wide range of scales. On the largest scales, superclustering aligns multiple galaxy clusters along inter-cluster bridges, visible through their ...thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich signal in the Cosmic Microwave Background. We demonstrate a new, flexible method to analyze the hot gas signal from multi-scale extended structures. We use a Compton-\(y\) map from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) stacked on redMaPPer cluster positions from the optical Dark Energy Survey (DES). Cutout images from the \(y\) map are oriented with large-scale structure information from DES galaxy data such that the superclustering signal is aligned before being overlaid. We find evidence for an extended quadrupole moment of the stacked \(y\) signal at the 3.5\(\sigma\) level, demonstrating that the large-scale thermal energy surrounding galaxy clusters is anisotropically distributed. We compare our ACT\(\times\)DES results with the Buzzard simulations, finding broad agreement. Using simulations, we highlight the promise of this novel technique for constraining the evolution of anisotropic, non-Gaussian structure using future combinations of microwave and optical surveys.
Recent developments in high-speed network initiatives have raised awareness of an increased potential for sharing information among institutions. At the core of current plans to take advantage of ...this potential is the use of standards-based directory servers as repositories of authentication and authorization data. Such repositories can be used to regulate and facilitate access to network resources between persons associated with institutions or with cooperating institutions. Included in these plans is provision for storing and using certificates to establish trust relationships between partners communicating over the network. When the environment is medical, other information such as credentials or access paths to patient data may also be stored in directories. The question has been raised whether, in emergencies, a mechanism for bypassing the more rigorous authentication and/or authorization requirements be provided to allow access to information essential to treating the emergency by individuals who would otherwise not be allowed such access. There is an increasing awareness of the fundamental conflict between a patient's right to privacy and the patient's right to receive medical treatment in a complete and efficient manner.
We constrain cosmological and galaxy-bias parameters using the combination of galaxy clustering and galaxy-galaxy lensing measurements from the Dark Energy Survey Year-3 data. We describe our ...modeling framework, and choice of scales analyzed, validating their robustness to theoretical uncertainties in small-scale clustering by analyzing simulated data. Using a linear galaxy bias model and redMaGiC galaxy sample, we obtain constraints on the matter density to be \(\Omega_{\rm m} = 0.325^{+0.033}_{-0.034}\). We also implement a non-linear galaxy bias model to probe smaller scales that includes parameterization based on hybrid perturbation theory and find that it leads to a 17% gain in cosmological constraining power. We perform robustness tests of our methodology pipeline and demonstrate the stability of the constraints to changes in the theoretical model. Using the redMaGiC galaxy sample as foreground lens galaxies, we find the galaxy clustering and galaxy-galaxy lensing measurements to exhibit significant signals akin to de-correlation between galaxies and mass on large scales, which is not expected in any current models. This likely systematic measurement error biases our constraints on galaxy bias and the \(S_8\) parameter. We find that a scale-, redshift- and sky-area-independent phenomenological de-correlation parameter can effectively capture the impact of this systematic error. We trace the source of this de-correlation to a color-dependent photometric issue and minimize its impact on our result by changing the selection criteria of redMaGiC galaxies. Using this new sample, our constraints on the \(S_8\) parameter are consistent with previous studies, and we find a small shift in the \(\Omega_{\rm m}\) constraints compared to the fiducial redMaGiC sample. We constrain the mean host halo mass of the redMaGiC galaxies in this new sample to be approximately \(1.6 \times 10^{13} M_{\odot}/h\).
Computing the binding affinity of a protein–ligand complex is one of the most fundamental and difficult tasks in computer-aided drug design. Many approaches for computing binding affinities can be ...classified as linear interaction energy (LIE) models as they rely on some type of linear fit of computed interaction energies between ligand and protein. We have examined the computed interaction energies of a series of β-secretase (BACE) inhibitors in terms of van der Waals, coulombic, and continuum-solvation contributions to ligand binding. We have also systematically examined the effect of different protonation states of the protein and ligands. We find that the binding affinities are relatively insensitive to the protonation state of the protein when neutral ligands are considered. Inclusion of charged ligands leads to large deviations in the coulomb, solvation, and even van der Waals terms. The latter is due to increased repulsive van der Waals interactions in the complex due to the strong coulomb attraction found between oppositely charged functional groups in the protein and ligand. In general, we find that the best models are obtained when the protein is judiciously charged (e.g. Asp32
−, Arg235
+) and the potentially charged ligands are treated as neutral.
This work, together with its companion paper, Secco and Samuroff et al. (2021), presents the Dark Energy Survey Year 3 cosmic shear measurements and cosmological constraints based on an analysis of ...over 100 million source galaxies. With the data spanning 4143 deg\(^2\) on the sky, divided into four redshift bins, we produce the highest significance measurement of cosmic shear to date, with a signal-to-noise of 40. We conduct a blind analysis in the context of the \(\Lambda\)CDM model and find a 3% constraint of the clustering amplitude, \(S_8\equiv \sigma_8 (\Omega_{\rm m}/0.3)^{0.5} = 0.759^{+0.025}_{-0.023}\). A \(\Lambda\)CDM-Optimized analysis, which safely includes smaller scale information, yields a 2% precision measurement of \(S_8= 0.772^{+0.018}_{-0.017}\) that is consistent with the fiducial case. The two low-redshift measurements are statistically consistent with the Planck Cosmic Microwave Background result, however, both recovered \(S_8\) values are lower than the high-redshift prediction by \(2.3\sigma\) and \(2.1\sigma\) (\(p\)-values of 0.02 and 0.05), respectively. The measurements are shown to be internally consistent across redshift bins, angular scales and correlation functions. The analysis is demonstrated to be robust to calibration systematics, with the \(S_8\) posterior consistent when varying the choice of redshift calibration sample, the modeling of redshift uncertainty and methodology. Similarly, we find that the corrections included to account for the blending of galaxies shifts our best-fit \(S_8\) by \(0.5\sigma\) without incurring a substantial increase in uncertainty. We examine the limiting factors for the precision of the cosmological constraints and find observational systematics to be subdominant to the modeling of astrophysics. Specifically, we identify the uncertainties in modeling baryonic effects and intrinsic alignments as the limiting systematics.
Leptinotarsin, a toxin found in the hemolymph of the beetle Leptinotarsa haldemani, can stimulate release of acetylcholine from synaptic termini. Leptinotarsin causes an increase in the frequency of ...miniature end plate potentials (mepps) of the rat phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation. The increase in the frequency of mepps induced by leptinotarsin is biphasic: about 10% of the total mepps are released in an initial burst that lasts about 90 sec, after which the remaining mepps are released over a period of 10-20 min. Tetrodotoxin has no effect upon the release induced by leptinotarsin, but low-Ca2+conditions abolish the first phase. The two phases of release may represent two presynaptic pools of acetylcholine, both of which can be released in quantized form. In a second study, rat brain synaptosomes were incubated with 3Hcholine and were immobilized on Millipore filters. Leptinotarsin induced release of 3Hacetylcholine from this preparation, confirming the release seen by using neurophysiological methods. The ability of leptinotarsin to induce release from either intact nerve terminals or synaptosomes was abolished when the toxin was heated. The releasing activity of leptinotarsin from synaptosomes was also partially dependent upon the presence of Ca2+in the perfusing solution. Release from synaptosomes followed first-order kinetics, and was not inhibited by commercial antibodies to black widow spider antigens. The data suggest that leptinotarsin acts as a presynaptic neurotoxin and may be of value as a mechanistic probe in understanding the storage and release of neurotransmitters.
We use the small scales of the Dark Energy Survey (DES) Year-3 cosmic shear measurements, which are excluded from the DES Year-3 cosmological analysis, to constrain the baryonic feedback. To model ...the baryonic feedback, we adopt a baryonic correction model and use the numerical package \texttt{Baccoemu} to accelerate the evaluation of the baryonic nonlinear matter power spectrum. We design our analysis pipeline to focus on the constraints of the baryonic suppression effects, utilizing the implication given by a principal component analysis on the Fisher forecasts. Our constraint on the baryonic effects can then be used to better model and ameliorate the effects of baryons in producing cosmological constraints from the next generation large-scale structure surveys. We detect the baryonic suppression on the cosmic shear measurements with a \(\sim 2 \sigma\) significance. The characteristic halo mass for which half of the gas is ejected by baryonic feedback is constrained to be \(M_c > 10^{13.2} h^{-1} M_{\odot}\) (95\% C.L.). The best-fit baryonic suppression is \(\sim 5\%\) at \(k=1.0 {\rm Mpc}\ h^{-1}\) and \(\sim 15\%\) at \(k=5.0 {\rm Mpc} \ h^{-1}\). Our findings are robust with respect to the assumptions about the cosmological parameters, specifics of the baryonic model, and intrinsic alignments.
Forefoot injuries constitute a significant portion of the problems that affect runners. With the increasing popularity of recreational running, more emphasis on the treatment of specific running ...injuries has surfaced. For the orthopaedic surgeon interested in treating runners, a thorough understanding of foot anatomy, biomechanics, shoes, orthotics, running surfaces, and conservative and surgical treatment options is mandatory. Runners place high demands on their feet and therefore require careful evaluation prior to embarking on a specific treatment course. This article represents a current overview of common problems affecting the forefoot of recreational and world-class runners. Treatment plans are based on the senior author's experience in the care of runners over the past 14 years.
Using the first three years of data from the Dark Energy Survey, we use ratios of small-scale galaxy-galaxy lensing measurements around the same lens sample to constrain source redshift ...uncertainties, intrinsic alignments and other nuisance parameters of our model. Instead of using a simple geometric approach for the ratios, we use the full modeling of the galaxy-galaxy lensing measurements, including the corresponding integration over the power spectrum and the contributions from intrinsic alignments and lens magnification. We perform extensive testing of the small-scale shear ratio (SR) modeling by studying the impact of different effects such as the inclusion of baryonic physics, non-linear biasing, halo occupation distribution descriptions and lens magnification, among others, and using realistic \(N\)-body simulations. We validate the robustness of our constraints in the data by using two independent lens samples, and by deriving constraints using the corresponding large-scale ratios for which the modeling is simpler. The DES Y3 results demonstrate how the ratios provide significant improvements in constraining power for several nuisance parameters in our model, especially on source redshift calibration and intrinsic alignments (IA). For source redshifts, SR improves the constraints from the prior by up to 38\% in some redshift bins. Such improvements, and especially the constraints it provides on IA, translate to tighter cosmological constraints when SR is combined with cosmic shear and other 2pt functions. In particular, for the DES Y3 data, SR improves \(S_8\) constraints from cosmic shear by up to 31\%, and for the full combination of probes (3\(\times\)2pt) by up to 10\%. The shear ratios presented in this work are used as an additional likelihood for cosmic shear, 2\(\times\)2pt and the full 3\(\times\)2pt in the fiducial DES Y3 cosmological analysis.
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