The present study analysed the molecular and agro-morphological diversity in a set of 92 diverse cauliflower genotypes and two each of cabbage and broccoli. Field evaluation of the genotypes was done ...in randomized block design (RBD) at two locations (i.e. IARI, New Delhi and ICAR-RC-NEH Region, Barapani) during Rabi2019-20. Genotypes showed variation for all the eight observed traits at both locations and, the differences in early and snowball groups were distinct. Pusa Meghna, DC-33-8, Pusa Kartiki and CC-14 were earliest for curd initiation. Genotypes showed higher values for curd traits at Delhi. Molecular diversity was detected with 90 polymorphic simple sequence repeats (SSR). Number of alleles ranged from 1 to 9 with mean value of 2.16 and the highest polymorphic information content (PIC) value was observed for primer BoGMS0742 (0.68) with a mean value of 0.18. Cluster analysis using agro-morphological traits substantiated classification of the genotypes for maturity groups. However, SSR analysis revealed four clusters and with a composite pattern of genotype distribution. STRUCTURE analysis also supported the admixture and four subpopulations. The studyindicates for introgression of genetic fragments across the maturity groups, thereby, potential for use in further genetic improvement and heterosis breeding.
Incidence of zinc (Zn) deficiency in soils and plants has been reported worldwide including India. The present study was conducted to assess the distribution pattern and variability of total and ...extractable Zn in cultivated acid soils of India. A total of 400 representative surface (0–15
cm) soil samples were collected from cultivated soils representing four (100 each) soil series namely Hariharapur, Debatoli, Rajpora and Neeleswaram situated in Orissa, Jharkhand, Himachal Pradesh and Kerala state of India respectively. The status of total and extractable Zn in soils and other soil properties like pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon (OC) content, neutral normal ammonium acetate extractable potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) were assessed. Results revealed that concentrations of total as well as extractable Zn varied widely among the acids soils and the amount of Zn extracted by different extractants also differed. Zn deficiency was observed in 7 to 82% soil and 2 to 57% soils based on the diethylenetriaminepentaacaeticacid (DTPA) extractable Zn and 0.1
M hydrochloric acid (HCl) extractable Zn respectively. Correlation analysis revealed that the extracted Zn by DTPA, Mehlich 1, Mehlich 3, 0.1
N HCl and ammonium bicarbonate DTPA (ABDTPA) extractants was significantly correlated. The contribution of soil organic carbon (OC) content towards total and DTPA-Zn was higher as compared to soil pH. Geostatistical analysis revealed that total and DTPA-Zn concentrations in acid soils of India were influenced by different sets of environmental factors. Spatial distribution maps of total and DTPA-Zn in soil indicated their differential distribution pattern.
► Concentration of total as well as extractable Zn varied widely among the acids soils and the amount of Zn extracted by different extractants also differed. ► Correlation analysis revealed that the trend of extraction of zinc by DTPA, Mehlich 1, Mehlich 3, 0.1 N HCl and ABDTPA extractants used for this investigation, was similar indicating their useful for the extractions of the Zn in acid soils. ► Soil pH as well as soil organic carbon content were positively correlated with the DTPA extractable Zn and total Zn content in soil; however contribution of soil organic carbon towards extractable Zn was higher as compared to soil pH. ► Total and DTPA-Zn in acid soils of India had wide variability in spatial distribution pattern and were differentially influenced by the environmental factors.
The Indian initiative, in creating mutant resources for the functional genomics in rice, has been instrumental in the development of 87,000 ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS)-induced mutants, of which 7,000 ...are in advanced generations. The mutants have been created in the background of Nagina 22, a popular drought- and heat-tolerant upland cultivar. As it is a pregreen revolution cultivar, as many as 573 dwarf mutants identified from this resource could be useful as an alternate source of dwarfing. A total of 541 mutants, including the macromutants and the trait-specific ones, obtained after appropriate screening, are being maintained in the mutant garden. Here, we report on the detailed characterizations of the 541 mutants based on the distinctness, uniformity, and stability (DUS) descriptors at two different locations. About 90% of the mutants were found to be similar to the wild type (WT) with high similarity index (>0.6) at both the locations. All 541 mutants were characterized for chlorophyll and epicuticular wax contents, while a subset of 84 mutants were characterized for their ionomes, namely, phosphorous, silicon, and chloride contents. Genotyping of these mutants with 54 genomewide simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers revealed 93% of the mutants to be either completely identical to WT or nearly identical with just one polymorphic locus. Whole genome resequencing (WGS) of four mutants, which have minimal differences in the SSR fingerprint pattern and DUS characters from the WT, revealed a staggeringly high number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on an average (16,453 per mutant) in the genic sequences. Of these, nearly 50% of the SNPs led to non-synonymous codons, while 30% resulted in synonymous codons. The number of insertions and deletions (InDels) varied from 898 to 2,595, with more than 80% of them being 1-2 bp long. Such a high number of SNPs could pose a serious challenge in identifying gene(s) governing the mutant phenotype by next generation sequencing-based mapping approaches such as Mutmap. From the WGS data of the WT and the mutants, we developed a genic resource of the WT with a novel analysis pipeline. The entire information about this resource along with the panicle architecture of the 493 mutants is made available in a mutant database EMS
N22 (http://14.139.229.201/EMSgardeN22).
The dielectric and electrical properties of composites prepared by addition of two different amounts of PbZrO
3
(PZO) to BiFeO
3
(BFO) are discussed. The composites (1 −
x
)(BiFeO
3
)-
x
(PbZrO
3
) ...(
x
= 0.5, 0.7; i.e., 0.5BF-0.5PZ and 0.3BF-0.7PZ) were synthesized by solid-state reaction. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed formation of composites with a rhombohedral structure at room temperature. Scanning electron microscopy revealed homogeneously distributed grains. Dielectric constants and dielectric loss increased with decreasing PZO content whereas the transition temperature shifted to higher temperature with decreasing PZO content. Hysteresis loops confirmed the ferroelectric nature of the materials. The Nyquist plot was indicative of the contribution of the bulk effect and a small contribution from the grain boundary effect. Temperature-dependent relaxation occurred for both materials. Non-Debye type electrical impedance was confirmed by asymmetric peak broadening and a spread of relaxation times. Activation energies were calculated from plots of ac conductivity as a function of temperature by linear fitting. Dc and ac conductivity increased with increasing temperature. Activation energies calculated from the complex impedance plot and from the fitted Jonscher power law were very similar, implying conduction by a similar type of charge carrier in both composites.
Removal of Congo Red (CR) azo dye by adsorption process using Amberlite IRA-400 resin was evaluated in both batch and fixed bed system. From the batch adsorption results, maximum loading efficiency ...(99.99%) of CR dye was obtained at the conditions pH 4.5, temp. 303 K, contact time 180 min., Amberlite IRA-400 dose 0.5 g. The isotherm study ascertained on favorability of adsorption process as the value of separation factor (K
L
= 0.88) and Freundlich constant (1/n = 0.96 < 1.0) obtained from Langmuir and Freundlich equations are rational, though, overall adsorption process showed best fit with Langmuir (R
2
= 0.99) than Freundlich model (R
2
= 0.97). The kinetic data studied at three different CR dye concentration (50, 75, 100 mg) and results were fitted with both pseudo-first-order and second-order model equations. The values of R
2
obtained are of 0.95 and 0.99 for former and later one, respectively, ensuring on best fitting of pseudo-second-order kinetics and also suggesting about the chemisorptions type of adsorption. The bed depth service model was applied for competitive analysis of the CR dye adsorption in column variables indicating mass transfer from aqueous solution to Amberlite IRA-400 phase. Fourier transform infrared analysis of CR-loaded resin Amberlite IRA-400 showed a band shifted from 1057 to 1130 cm
−1
confirming CR adsorption with Amberlite IRA-400. Scanning electron microscope analysis of resin before and after adsorption was well evident from the phase patterns. Selective separation of CR dye from waste effluent of a textile industry bearing CR dye along with other trace heavy metal was achieved.
Curd initiation and development are complex traits and highly responsive for different temperature ranges in cauliflower. The present study was aimed to identify QTLs for eight traits associated with ...curding behaviour in diverse germplasm of Indian cauliflower. For this, 92 genotypes of cauliflower and 2 each of tropical broccoli and cabbage were genotyped through genotyping by sequencing (GBS). It generated ≈302 million reads (9.1226E + 10 bp) and identified 35,381 SNPs, maximum from chromosome 3 (4735) with a mean value of 3981.1 SNPs. Ts/Tv ratio was 1.74, suggesting transition bias. STRUCTURE analysis revealed delta value of
K
= 4 and four subpopulations and prominence of population admixture. In total, 121 significant SNPs were detected for eight traits, 38 for Delhi (North Indian plain) and 83 for Barapani (North-East India). Twelve QTLs were detected for traits associated with regulation of curd formation and development, five of which were for marketable curd length, curd width, days to 50% curd harvest and marketable curd weight from Delhi region and seven for curd length, curd width, days to 50% curd harvest, gross plant weight, leaf length, marketable/net curd weight and number of leaves per plant for Barapani area of North East India. The SNPs identified will be useful for development of markers for curding-related traits and their use in breeding varieties with wider curding plasticity.
The research associated the comparison of soil properties influencing organic carbon between forest of Chandaka Wildlife Sanctuary (CWS), Bhubaneswar and Bhitarkanika National Park (BNP), Rajnagar of ...Odisha. Soil samples were collected randomly from sampling plots (20 m × 50 m) and characterized by SEM and FT-IR, etc. The SEM micrographs analyze the aggregate-dominant fabric soil (Fine sand type) of CWS and matrix-dominated fabric soil (Clay loam type) of BNP. The FT-IR spectroscopy ensured the variant and prominent C-functional groups in both forest soils. The soil organic carbon of CWS (47.51 ± 2.16 Mg C/ha) and BNP (54.3 ± 3.0 Mg C/ha) directed through soil physico-chemical properties. The C/N ratio of CWS (51.3 ± 13.8) and BNP (21.6 ± 2.6) soil indicated the freshly added stable carbon compound availability at CWS. These results encourage study of soil organic carbon perspectives for sustainable forest conservation.
The Indian Ocean is warming faster than any of the global oceans and its climate is uniquely driven by the presence of a landmass at low latitudes, which causes monsoonal winds and reversing ...currents. The food, water and energy security in the Indian Ocean rim countries and islands are intrinsically tied to its climate, with marine environmental goods and services, as well as trade within the basin, underpinning their economies. Hence, there are a range of societal needs for Indian Ocean observation arising from the influence of regional phenomena and climate change on, for instance, marine ecosystems, monsoon rains and sea-level. The Indian Ocean Observing System, IndOOS, is a sustained observing system that monitors basin-scale ocean-atmosphere conditions, while providing flexibility in terms of emerging technologies and scientific and societal needs, and a framework for more regional and coastal monitoring. This paper reviews the societal and scientific motivations, current status and future directions of IndOOS, while also discussing the need for enhanced coastal, shelf, and regional observations. The challenges of sustainability and implementation are also addressed, including capacity building, best practices, and integration of resources. The utility of IndOOS ultimately depends on the identification of, and engagement with, end-users and decision-makers and on the practical accessibility and transparency of data for a range of products and for decision-making processes. Therefore we highlight current progress, issues and challenges related to end user engagement with IndOOS, as well as the needs of the data assimilation and modelling communities. Knowledge of the status of the Indian Ocean climate and ecosystems and predictability of its future, depends on a wide range of socio-economic and environmental data, a significant part of which is provided by IndOOS.
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