The recent rise of xenophobic attacks against refugees in Germany has sparked both political and scholarly debates on the drivers, dynamics, and consequences of right-wing violence. Thus far, a lack ...of systematic data collection and data processing has inhibited quantitative analysis to help explain this current social phenomenon. This paper presents a georeferenced event dataset on anti-refugee violence and social unrest in Germany in 2014 and 2015 that is based on information collected by two civil society organizations, the Amadeu Antonio Foundation and PRO ASYL, who publicize their data in an online chronicle. We webscraped this information to create a scientifically usable dataset that includes information on 1 645 events of four different types of right-wing violence and social unrest: xenophobic demonstrations, assault, arson attacks, and miscellaneous attacks against refugee housing (such as swastika graffiti). After discussing how the dataset was constructed, we offer a descriptive analysis of patterns of right-wing violence and unrest in Germany in 2014 and 2015. This article concludes by outlining preliminary ideas on how the dataset can be used in future research of various disciplines in the social sciences.
•Cross-sectional studies suggest: Economic growth increases migration in poor countries.•Yet, neglecting systematic country differences risks an omitted variable bias.•The panel estimations in this ...paper yield contrasting results: Emigration falls as incomes increase.•These results imply that conducive economic policies can actually reduce emigration.
Comparing emigration rates of countries at different stages of economic development, an inverse u-shape emerges. Since the “migration hump” peaks at an average income of 6000 to 10 000 USD, economic progress in developing countries is often assumed to increase migration consistently. However, it is poorly understood to what extend country-level characteristics, individual incomes and other dimensions of development evoke this pattern, which limits its value for causal inference and concrete policy advice. In this paper we focus on the role of economic growth and investigate whether in developing countries emigration indeed increases with economic progress at shorter more policy-relevant time periods of up to 10 years. Using 35 years of data on migration flows to OECD destinations, we successfully reproduce the hump-shape in the cross-section. However, our more rigorous fixed effects panel estimations that exploit the variation over time robustly feature contrasting results: emigration rates fall as incomes increase. This finding holds independent of the level of income a country starts out at. In contrast to prevailing development emigration narratives, our results imply that rising individual incomes discourage emigration and hence conducive economic policies can reduce emigration. Our findings do not rule out that other slow-moving development dimensions such as educational advancement, demographic change, and structural economic transformation could still increase migration in the long term.
Abstract The German economy is facing major challenges. In addition to digitization and climate change, a possible deglobalization is also being discussed in the wake of the COVID 19 pandemic and ...Russia’s attack on Ukraine. In particular, the disruptions and uncertainties recently observed in international value chains provide an incentive for companies to rethink and restructure supply chains. The re-nationalization of production processes contributes to greater security of supply, but sometimes at the price of higher production costs. Ultimately, these developments can affect existing market structures and competition. A decrease in the intensity of competition in the economy as a whole could have far-reaching macroeconomic consequences. Among those are, for example, declining private investment, a declining wage share, increasing income inequality, declining productivity growth and effects on inflation.
Die deutsche Wirtschaft steht vor großen Herausforderungen. Neben Digitalisierung und Klimawandel wird im Zuge der COVID-19-Pandemie und des russischen Angriffs auf die Ukraine auch eine mögliche ...Deglobalisierung diskutiert. Diese Entwicklungen wirken sich nicht zuletzt auf bestehende Marktstrukturen und den Wettbewerb aus. Eine gesamtwirtschaftlich abnehmende Wettbewerbsintensität kann weitreichende makroökonomische Folgen haben, die bereits seit längerem diskutiert werden. Gegenstand der Diskussion sind etwa abnehmende private Investitionen, eine sinkende Lohnquote, eine steigende Einkommensungleichheit, ein abnehmendes Produktivitätswachstum sowie Auswirkungen auf die Inflation.
The German economy is facing major challenges. In addition to digitization and climate change, a possible deglobalization is also being discussed in the wake of the COVID 19 pandemic and Russia's attack on Ukraine. In particular, the disruptions and uncertainties recently observed in international value chains provide an incentive for companies to rethink and restructure supply chains. The re-nationalization of production processes contributes to greater security of supply, but sometimes at the price of higher production costs. Ultimately, these developments can affect existing market structures and competition. A decrease in the intensity of competition in the economy as a whole could have far-reaching macroeconomic consequences. Among those are, for example, declining private investment, a declining wage share, increasing income inequality, declining productivity growth and effects on inflation.
Zahlreiche Märkte sind durch die Coronavirus-Pandemie von Unternehmensaufgaben und Insolvenzen, Unternehmenszusammenschlüssen und verminderten Gründungsanreizen betroffen. Durch den ...Digitalisierungsschub infolge der Kontaktbeschränkungen ist zudem zu erwarten, dass Digitalmärkte mit Konzentrationstendenzen an Bedeutung gewinnen. Nachhaltige Strukturveränderungen mit wettbewerbsbeeinträchtigender Auswirkung sind also zu befürchten, und dies angesichts ohnehin bestehender Trends zu ansteigender Marktmacht und Konzentration in Teilbereichen der Wirtschaft. Bei den wirtschaftspolitischen Reaktionen auf die krisenbedingten Herausforderungen sollte vor diesem Hintergrund angestrebt werden, den Wettbewerb langfristig funktionsfähig zu erhalten. Wenn die Fusions- und Beihilfenkontrolle ohne materiell-rechtliche Abstriche angewendet würde und staatliche Unternehmensbeteiligungen durch wettbewerbsfördernde Maßnahmen flankiert würden, könnte dies gelingen.
Numerous markets are affected during the coronavirus pandemic by corporate closures and insolvencies, mergers and reduced incentives for start-ups. In addition, the surge in digitisation due to policies intended to reduce personal contacts is expected to lead to an increasing significance of digital markets. Sustained structural changes with adverse effects on competition are therefore to be expected against the backdrop of existing trends toward increasing market power and concentration in certain sectors of the economy. With this in mind, the economic policy responses to the challenges posed by the crisis should consider the requirements of long-term competition. Mergers and state aid control without any substantive legal concessions as well as the flanking of state shareholdings in companies with measures to promote competition would contribute to this.
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