RESUMO A Internet das Coisas é uma inovação tecnológica, baseada em artefatos já consolidados como a Internet e objetos inteligentes. A crescente aplicação da Internet das Coisas nos negócios torna ...necessária uma avaliação de estratégias, benefícios e dificuldades enfrentadas na aplicação da tecnologia. O principal objetivo deste artigo é apresentar as diversas definições de Internet das Coisas, a partir dos artigos mais citados, e como objetivo secundário, apresentar estatísticas de publicação por ano e termos correlatos, como computação ubíqua. Uma das conclusões é que os artigos relacionados à temática de negócios correspondem a apenas 5% dentre todos os artigos recuperados por essa pesquisa, considerando apenas os artigos publicados em periódicos, o que demonstra que existe um grande campo de pesquisa em Administração.
We are investigating the feasibility of an intraoperative imaging probe for lymphoscintigraphy withTc-99m tracer, for sentinel node radioguided surgery, using the Medipix series of hybrid detectors ...coupled to a collimator. These detectors are pixelated semiconductor detectors bump-bonded to the Medipix1 photon counting read-out chip (64×64 pixel, 170
μm pitch) or to the Medipix2 chip (256×256 pixel, 55
μm pitch), developed by the European Medipix collaboration. The pixel detector we plan to use in the final version of the probe is a semi-insulating GaAs detector or a 1–2
mm thick CdZnTe detector. For the preliminary tests presented here, we used 300-μm thick silicon detectors, hybridized via bump-bonding to the Medipix1 chip. We used a tungsten parallel-hole collimator (7
mm thick, matrix array of 64×64 100
μm circular holes with 170
μm pitch), and a 22, 60 and 122
keV point-like (1
mm diameter) radioactive sources, placed at various distances from the detector. These tests were conducted in order to investigate the general feasibility of this imaging probe and its resolving power. Measurements show the high resolution but low efficiency performance of the detector–collimator set, which is able to image the 122
keV source with <1
mm FWHM resolution.
We present a digital autoradiography (DAR) system, named BETA
view, based on semiconductor pixel detectors and a single particle counting chip, for quantitative analysis of β-emitting radioactive ...tracers in biological samples. The system is able to perform a real time monitoring of time-dependent biological phenomena. BETA
view could be equipped either with GaAs or with Si semiconductor pixellated detectors. In this paper, we describe the results obtained with an assembly based on a Si detector, 300
μm thick, segmented into 64×64 170
μm size square pixels. The detector is bump-bonded to the low threshold, single particle counting chip named Medipix1, developed by a CERN-based European collaboration. The sensitive area is about 1
cm
2. Studies of background noise and detection efficiency have been performed. Moreover, time-resolved cellular uptake studies with radiolabelled molecules have been monitored. Specifically, we have followed in vivo and in real time, the
14C
l-leucine amino acid uptake by eggs of
Octopus vulgaris confirming the preliminary results of a previous paper. This opens the field of biomolecular kynetic studies with this new class of semiconductor DAR systems, whose evolution (using the Medipix2 chip, 256×256
pixels, 55
μm pixel size) is soon to come.
Response of semi-insulating GaAs detectors to low energy protons Russo, P.; Campajola, L.; Carpentieri, C. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
06/2001, Volume:
466, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
The performance of semi-insulating GaAs detectors, grown with the LEC technique, has been studied by irradiating the Schottky diodes with 2 and 2.4
MeV monoenergetic protons in a pencil beam with ...sub-millimeter width (70 or 600
μm). The beam was moved across the surface of the front (Schottky) contact, in order to investigate the uniformity of the detection characteristics over the sensitive area of the diodes, and to study the electric field behavior around the Schottky contact. For each scanning position, a pulse-height spectrum was measured. Then, the charge collected and the energy resolution were obtained as a function of the irradiation position both on the contact and outside it. The data show that
•
the best spectroscopic response occurs for the beam with 70
μm width,
•
when the beam is incident onto the contact, the energy resolution is between 1% and 5%, and the variation of the charge collected, for different irradiation position, is less than 30%,
•
when the beam is incident onto the border of the contact (substrate is irradiated), the spectrum is degraded and no clear peak is present,
•
collection of charge still occurs at distances up to about 500
μm from the border of the Schottky contact (for a pixel size of 200
μm), or up to about 200
μm (for a pixel diameter of 3
mm),
•
saturation of the curve collected charge vs. reverse bias voltage occurs at about 100
V for both 2
MeV (range=32
μm) and 2.4
MeV protons (range=41
μm).
Semi-insulating gallium arsenide (SI-GaAs) detectors, in the form of Schottky diodes, have been irradiated from the front or from the back contact or from the side, with light pulses from picosecond ...laser source, tunable in the range of 780–1020
nm and focused to a 50–100
μm spot on the surface of the detector. Energy per pulse was in the range of 4–25
pJ, with a 10 or 100
Hz repetition rate. Each pulse mimics the interaction of a single energetic particle with the substrate, but with a photon mean free path modulated in the range of 1
μm–1
cm, depending on the light wavelength. The SI-GaAs substrates have a thickness of 200
μm (VGF grown), or 600
μm (LEC) or 1000
μm (VGF). The time response of the detectors, analysed with the Transient Current Technique (using a fast digital sampling oscilloscope) in terms of peak signal amplitude and charge rise time, has been evaluated as a function of: reverse voltage bias (50–1200
V), light wavelength (780–1020
nm), side position between the electrodes, position on the front contact. The results are: (1) the shape of the transient current signal may show the presence of two peaks, about 1
ns apart; (2) the charge rise time, considered to be dominated by the charge collection time, is between 2 and 13
ns; (3) the charge rise time, as due to electron drift or hole drift in the region between the contacts, has been measured as 2–5
ns, also dependent on the applied bias; (4) the transient current (exponential) decay time, for front or back irradiation, increases with the bias voltage up to 2–20
ns and these data are considered to be consistent with the electron detrapping time; (5) under reverse bias, for 1
mm pad side and a large ohmic contact on the back, the electric field extends around the front contact up to about 200
μm.
Laser therapy has been found effective in the management of pain associated with rheumatoid and degenerative joint arthritis and disease. The efficacy of mid-laser therapy has been tested ...specifically on patients with degenerative joint disease (DJD) involving the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). The following controlled clinical study was designed to test the efficacy of mid-laser therapy to placebo therapy in the reduction of pain associated with TMJ disorders specific to arthralgic DJD.
GaAs pixel arrays for β imaging in medicine and biology Abate, L.; Bertolucci, E.; Conti, M. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
03/2001, Volume:
460, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
We present an autoradiography system (BETA
view) for a quantitative analysis of radioactive markers in biological samples; this system is also able to monitor a dynamic process. It is based on a ...solid-state pixel array detector, bump bonded to low threshold, integrated electronics developed for medical applications (Medipix). The present assembly is equipped with a 200
μm thick GaAs square detector, about 1
cm side, segmented into 64×64 170-μm size square pixels; simulation and experimental studies show good linearity and high sensitivity to β sources. Imaging tests with β sources of medical and biological interest such as
14C,
35S,
32P are reported.
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo geral responder ao seguinte problema de pesquisa: Como o processo de planejamento estratégico ocorre nos municípios brasileiros? Seus objetivos específicos ...incluem conhecer a evolução dos conceitos gerais do estudo a partir da realização de um estudo bibliométrico, analisar como o processo de planejamento estratégico proposto por Poister e Streib dialoga com a realidade brasileira, identificar as particularidades das práticas de planejamento estratégico adotadas nos municípios estudados e compreender como elas afetam o seu planejamento. Dessa forma, o estudo incluiu uma investigação bibliométrica com o intuito de identificar como o planejamento estratégico no setor público tem sido abordado no âmbito acadêmico e um estudo de caso de dois municípios brasileiros: Porto Alegre, capital do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, e Sorocaba, cidade de grande porte do Estado de São Paulo. Apresentados os dados coletados a partir de entrevistas, visitas a sites, leitura de documentos e interpretação de legislações diversas, foi realizada uma análise qualitativa buscando responder aos objetivos da pesquisa. Tal análise foi feita de forma comparativa entre os dois municípios e também à luz do referencial teórico apresentado ao longo da pesquisa. Após a apresentação e a análise dos casos, verificou-se que a pesquisa conseguiu responder ao problema proposto de entender como o processo de planejamento estratégico ocorre nos municípios brasileiros. Ao analisar as práticas de planejamento estratégico adotadas nos municípios estudados, pudemos compreender como certas particularidades afetam o planejamento estratégico e determinam seu foco. Com a análise feita, a percepção, por parte da autora da pesquisa, é que o papel das lideranças (prefeitos, vice-prefeitos e secretários) é um dos principais fatores para o sucesso de um planejamento estratégico, bem como dos funcionários de níveis hierárquicos inferiores. Ao comparar o referencial teórico com os casos analisados, foi possível afirmar que os processos de planejamento estratégico dos municípios analisados, mesmo quando não atendem a todos os requisitos, se preocupam ou se preocuparam com todos os itens das variáveis propostas pelos autores supracitados.
The present work had as its main goal responding to the following research problem: How does the process of strategic planning happen in Brazilian municipalities? Its specific goals include knowing the evolution of the study\'s general concepts by carrying out a bibliometric study, analyzing how the process of strategic planning proposed by Poister and Streib converses with the Brazilian reality, identifying the particular features of the strategic planning practices adopted in the municipalities studied and understanding how they affect their planning. The study hence includes a bibliometric investigation with a view to identifying how strategic planning in the public segment has been approached in the academic environment and a case study concerning two Brazilian municipalities: Porto Alegre, capital of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, and Sorocaba, a large city in the state of São Paulo. After presenting the data collected from interviews, visits to websites, reading of documents and interpretation of various laws, a qualitative analysis was performed, in order to answer this research\'s goals. This analysis was carried out comparing the two municipalities, in the light of the theoretical background presented throughout. After the presentation and analysis of the cases, it was verified that this research managed to respond to the problem proposed, i.e. understanding how the process of strategic planning takes place in Brazilian municipalities. When analyzing strategic planning practices adopted in the municipalities studied, it was possible to understand how certain particularities affect strategic planning and determine its focus. When the analysis was concluded, the perception of the author is that the role of leaderships (mayors, vice-mayors and secretaries) is one of the main factors for the success of strategic planning, as well as that of employees in lower hierarchical levels. Comparing the theoretical background with the cases analyzed made it possible to affirm that the processes of strategic planning in the municipalities studied, even when they did not meet all criteria, are (or were) concerned with all the items of the variables proposed by the aforementioned authors.
MEDIPIX: a VLSI chip for a GaAs pixel detector for digital radiology Amendolia, S.R; Bertolucci, E; Bisogni, M.G ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
1999, Volume:
422, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
A GaAs pixel detector designed for digital mammography, equipped with a 36-channel single photon counting discrete read-out electronics, was tested using a test object developed for quality control ...purposes in mammography. Each pixel was 200×200
μm
2 large, and 200
μm deep.
The choice of GaAs with respect to silicon (largely used in other applications and with a more established technique) has been made because of the much better detection efficiency at mammographic energies, combined with a very good charge collection efficiency achieved thanks to new ohmic contacts. This GaAs detector is able to perform a measurement of low-contrast details, with minimum contrast lower (nearly a factor two) than that typically achievable with standard mammographic film+screen systems in the same conditions of clinical routine. This should allow for an earlier diagnosis of breast tumour masses.
Due to these encouraging results, the next step in the evolution of our imaging system based on GaAs detectors has been the development of a VLSI front-end prototype chip (MEDIPIX
) in order to cover a much larger diagnostic area. The chip reads 64×64 channels in single photon counting mode, each one 170
μm wide. Each channel contains also a test input where a signal can be simulated, injecting a known charge through a 16
f
F capacitor. Fake signals have been injected via the test input measuring and equalizing minimum thresholds for all the channels.
On an average, in most of the performing chips available up to now, we have found that it is possible to set a threshold as low as 1800 electrons with an RMS of 150 electrons (10 standard deviations lower than the 20
keV photon signal roughly equivalent to 4500 electrons). The detector, bump-bonded to the chip, will be tested and a ladder of detectors will be prepared to be able to scan large surface objects.
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