Objective. This research tests the proposal that women will be more concerned about the environment than men because of their socialization to the caregiver role and because of their structural ...position relatively outside the labor market and in the home. Previous research has produced mixed results. Methods. We employ data from the 1993 General Social Survey to explore the issue of gender differences in environmental concern in more depth. The 1993 survey includes over forty items measuring environmental beliefs, attitudes, and reported actions, from which we derive ten environmental orientation indexes. We look specifically at effects of social status, knowledge, trust in science, and religiosity. Results. We find that while women do tend to show somewhat more personal concern than do men, they are no more likely to engage in environmental action than are men. Women (and men) of higher social status, with more knowledge, and with greater trust in science are more likely to engage in proenvironmental action, not less. Further, we replicate some findings of adverse effects of homemaker status and parenthood on environmental orientations. Conclusions. While there appear to be a few gender differences in environmental orientations, these are not strong or consistent, and they do not extend to actions.
We examine the consequences of social movement participation for late 1960s and early 1970s activists, most of whom participated in the antiwar, student, and civil rights protests. After providing an ...explanatory framework for understanding how social movement participation might have continuing influence across a number of social realms, we test whether run-of-the-mill participation in the antiwar and student protests of the late 1960s had an impact. Using data from the Youth-Parent Socialization Panel Study, we show how demonstrators differed from nonactivists in two time periods: shortly after their movement experiences in 1973; and when they were in their mid-thirties in 1982. Controlling for the factors that predict becoming a protester, we explore the influence of activism on: (1) politics; (2) status attainment; (3) religion; and (4) family. We find that controlling for factors that predict protest participation, these typical activists are significantly different from their nonactivist counterparts. Specifically, former protesters hold more liberal political orientations and are more aligned with liberal parties and actions; select occupations in the "new class"; are more educated; hold less traditional religious orientations and are less attached to religious organizations; marry later; and are less likely to have children.
Previous studies of the relationship between religion and environmentalism have suffered the lack of measures of religious beliefs or of environmental attitudes and behaviors, or samples that were ...not clearly representative or sufficiently large. We address these problems using data from the 1993 General Social Survey, which has over 40 measures of environmental attitudes and actions, as well as a large number of measures of religious membership, belief, and participation and other background measures. We focus on 10 indexes of environmentalism and 3 indexes of religiosity. Our findings give some support to the thesis of Lynn White that Christian theology has an "antienvironmental" effect, and they do not support the contention that it has a "stewardship" effect. There are, however, complications. We do find evidence of a "proenvironmental" effect of religious participation. Further, the negative effect of Christian "theology" seems to be largely an effect of fundamentalism or sectarianism. While this could be theologically oriented, it might also be an offshoot of conflict between religious conservatives and liberals.
CIT 3 is an oxygen-rich long-period variable evolving along the Asymptotic Giant Branch and is one of the most extreme infrared AGB objects. Due to substantial mass loss it is surrounded by an ...optically thick dust shell which absorbs almost all visible light radiated by the star and finally re-emits it in the infrared regime. We present the first near infrared bispectrum speckle-interferometry observations of CIT 3 in the J-, H-, and $K^{\prime}$-band. The J-, H-, and $K^{\prime}$-band resolution is 48 mas, 56 mas, and 73 mas, resp. The interferograms were obtained with the Russian 6 m telescope at the Special Astrophysical Observatory. While CIT 3 appears almost spherically symmetric in the H- and $K^{\prime}$-band it is clearly elongated in the J-band along a symmetry axis of position angle $-28\degr$. Two structures can be identified: a compact elliptical core and a fainter north-western fan-like structure. The eccentricity of the elliptical core, given by the ratio of minor to major axis, is approximately $\varepsilon=123$ mas/154 mas = 0.8. The full opening angle of the fan amounts to approximately $40\degr$. Extensive radiative transfer calculations have been carried out and confronted with the observations taking into account the spectral energy distribution ranging from 1 μm to 1 mm, our near-infrared visibility functions at 1.24 μm, 1.65 μm and 2.12 μm, as well as 11 μm ISI interferometry. The best model found to match the observations refers to a cool central star with $T_{\rm eff}=2250$ K which is surrounded by an optically thick dust shell with $\tau (0.55 \mu{\rm m}) = 30$. The models give a central-star diameter of $\Theta_{\ast}=10.9$ mas and an inner dust shell diameter of $\Theta_{1}=71.9$ mas being in line with lunar occultation observations. The inner rim of the dust-shell is located at $r_{1}= 6.6 R_{\ast}$ and has a temperature of $T_{1}=900$ K. The grain sizes were found to comply with a grain-size distribution according to Mathis et al. (CITE) with $n(a) \sim a^{-3.5}$, and 0.005 $\mu {\rm m} \leq a \leq 0.25 \mu$m. Uniform outflow models, i.e. density distributions with $\rho \sim 1/r^{2}$, turned out to underestimate the flux beyond 20 μm. A two-component model existing of an inner uniform-outflow shell region ($\rho \sim 1/r^{2}$) and an outer region where the density declines more shallow as $\rho \sim 1/r^{1.5}$ proved to remove this flux deficiency and to give the best overall match of the observations. The transition between both density distributions is at $r_{2} = 20.5 r_{1}= 135.7 R_{\ast}$ where the dust-shell temperature has dropped to $T_{2} = 163$ K. Provided the outflow velocity kept constant, the more shallow density distribution in the outer shell indicates that mass-loss has decreased with time in the past of CIT 3. Adopting $v_{\rm exp}=20$ km s-1, the termination of that mass-loss decrease and the begin of the uniform-outflow phase took place 87 yr ago. The present-day mass-loss rate can be determined to be $\dot{M} = (1.3{-}2.1) \times 10^{-5} M_{\odot}$/yr for $d=500{-}800$ pc.
This article traces the development of student activists among members of the high school class of 1965. We explore how political and religious socialization, social psychological orientations, and ...class origins affect the likelihood that an individual will become involved in the antiwar, student, and civil rights protests of the 1960s. We also systematically examine the interrelationships between social class, gender, social psychological orientations, and political and religious socialization to discern their effects on social movement participation. Using data from the Youth-Parent Socialization Panel Study, 1965-73, we find that socialization processes and social psychological dispositions are strongly linked to participation in the protests and that social class spurs protest both directly and through its effects on these factors. We also find that gender differences in social movement participation are largely a function of socialization, social psychological differences, and women's lower rates of college attendance.
Objective
To describe signalment, ophthalmic abnormalities, and response to treatment in cats with glaucoma.
Design
Retrospective study.
Animals
Eighty‐two cats with 93 glaucomatous eyes.
Criteria ...for inclusion
Medical records of all cats with glaucoma presented to the ophthalmology services at two referral specialty hospitals between 1995 and 1999 were reviewed. Cats were included if intraocular pressure (IOP) > 25 mmHg, if buphthalmos was present, or if a shallow anterior chamber was present and IOP ≥ 5 mmHg higher than the contralateral normal eye.
Results
Mean ± SD age was 9.2 ± 4.4 years. Thirty‐one cats were female; 51 were male. Breeds included 69 domestic and 13 pure‐bred cats. One eye was affected in 71 cats; both eyes in 11 cats. The most common presenting complaints and ophthalmic abnormalities were cataract, corneal edema, mydriasis, buphthalmos, cloudy eye, and blindness. Mean intraocular pressure in the affected eye was 36.4 ± 14.7 mmHg. The glaucomas were believed to be secondary in 81 eyes, primary in five eyes, and undetermined in seven eyes. The goal of medical therapy was to maintain IOP in a comfortable range we presumed to be < 30 mmHg in blind eyes, and to maintain IOP below 25 mmHg to preserve vision in visual eyes. Intraocular pressure was maintained in a comfortable range or normal range in 58% of all eyes using medical therapy alone. Surgery was performed in nine eyes after medical management failed. Sixty‐seven eyes were blind, 21 were visual, and five had decreased vision at initial presentation. With treatment, vision was retained in nine eyes, deteriorated in five eyes, and was lost in three eyes.
Conclusions
The glaucomas were most frequently secondary in cats and resulted in blindness prior to presentation in the majority of eyes in our study. Medical management controlled IOP in more than half of the eyes, and maintained vision in almost half of visual eyes.
PDF
