In this paper, we address the problem of the ranking of companies based on their diversity and financial performance. The addressed problem is a multiple criteria decision‐making problem where a ...composite measure needs to be obtained to rank firms. Taking as a reference the methodological approach followed by Refinitiv in the construction of their Diversity and Inclusion Index, we propose an alternative ranking framework that overcomes some of the problems identified in the methodological approach of Refinitiv. In particular, the proposed method in this work does not require the a priori establishment of a weighting scheme and is able to incorporate the past behavior of the companies in terms of diversity in their workplaces.
Interpretation of “lung age” data relies upon comparison of the chronological lung age (CLA) with the estimated lung age (ELA) predicted from published reference equations 7–10.
To test the ...applicability of the published reference equations in healthy non-smoker Tunisian aged 19–90years.
Published reference equations were applied to the spirometry results of 540 adults (364 women). Two methods of comparison were applied: (i) Determination, according each equation, of the percentages of subjects having a deltaLungAge (=ELA–CLA)>Upper-Limit-of-Normal (ULN). (ii) Bland and Altman comparison, for the same age range as in the corresponding study, between CLA and ELA.
The mean±SD (95% confidence interval) of the total sample CLA and height were 48.8±13.1 (47.7–49.9) years and 164±10 (163–165) cm. (i) The percentages of healthy subjects with a deltaLungAge>ULN varied from 1% (Newbury) to 64% (Hansen) in men, and from 20% (Yamaguchi) to 51% (Hansen, Morris and Temple) for women. (ii) Mean±SD ELA was significantly underestimated by 17±19years (Hansen), by 12±23years (Morris and Temple) and was significantly overestimated by 4±19years (Newbury). Mean±SD ELA from Yamaguchi et al. 10 was not statistically different from the CLA (1±14years).
The published reference equations did not reliably predict CLA data in the Tunisian population. Awaiting the establishment of reliable equation proper to North African population, we recommend the use of the Yamaguchi et al.’s 10 reference equations.
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