This review addresses the prevalence of zinc deficiency in Low‐ and Middle‐income Countries (LMICs) and assesses the available strategies for its alleviation. The paucity of national‐level data on ...the zinc deficiency in LMICs is partially a result of the lack of a reliable biomarker. Zinc deficiency appears to be a public health problem in almost all the LMICs, irrespective of the recommended indicators (plasma zinc concentration, dietary zinc adequacy and stunting prevalence) used. Based on plasma/serum zinc concentration (PZC), which is the most appropriate indicator at present, the prevalence of zinc deficiency in LMICs is of concern. Among the 25 countries for which national PZC data were available, 23 had a zinc deficiency prevalence of >20% for at least one physiological group. Zinc supplementation is largely restricted as an adjunct therapy for diarrhoea management in children, and the best platform and the most effective way of preventive zinc supplementation delivery remains to be established. Impact assessment for current zinc fortification programmes in LMICs and the effectiveness of zinc supplementation as part of a multi‐micronutrient powder is to be determined. Dietary diversification, though promising for LMICs, is in the nascent stages of development at present. Inclusion of meat and animal products can be an important way of improving zinc status. Programmatic experience with the promotion of home processing techniques to increase absorbable zinc in the diet is lacking. Conventional biofortification techniques are gaining recognition in LMICs; however, transgenic biofortification as a strategy remains controversial.
Noncanonical DNA structures that stall DNA replication can cause errors in genomic DNA. Here, we investigated how the noncanonical structures formed by sequences in genes associated with a number of ...diseases impacted DNA polymerization by the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase. Replication of a DNA sequence forming an i-motif from a telomere, hypoxia-induced transcription factor, and an insulin-linked polymorphic region was effectively inhibited. On the other hand, replication of a mixed-type G-quadruplex (G4) from a telomere was less inhibited than that of the antiparallel type or parallel type. Interestingly, the i-motif was a better inhibitor of replication than were mixed-type G4s or hairpin structures, even though all had similar thermodynamic stabilities. These results indicate that both the stability and topology of structures formed in DNA templates impact the processivity of a DNA polymerase. This suggests that i-motif formation may trigger genomic instability by stalling the replication of DNA, causing intractable diseases.
This case study investigated the co‐occurrence of the curled octopus (Eledone cirrhosa) and common octopus (Octopus vulgaris), in waters around the United Kingdom. The findings suggest that ...coexistence may be maintained because of the lack of competition for E. cirrhosa against the seemingly declining O. vulgaris populations, and that habitat and temporal partitioning are the likely mechanisms. It is contemplated whether species misidentification may an important factor in masking the accuracy of population dynamics of co‐occurring octopus species, and, as such, potential uncertainty in octopus coexistence and any future fishery management decisions. It is confidently suggested that, currently, only two octopus species are resident to UK waters. Now, further studies should include diet partitioning to determine whether diet partitioning is a mechanism for E. cirrhosa and O. vulgaris coexistence, and monitoring may make us understand their population dynamics.
We present an analysis of high-precision pulsar timing data taken as part of the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav) project. We have observed 17 pulsars for a ...span of roughly five years using the Green Bank and Arecibo radio telescopes. We analyze these data using standard pulsar timing models, with the addition of time-variable dispersion measure and frequency-variable pulse shape terms. Sub-microsecond timing residuals are obtained in nearly all cases, and the best rms timing residuals in this set are ~30-50 ns. We present methods for analyzing post-fit timing residuals for the presence of a gravitational wave signal with a specified spectral shape. These optimally take into account the timing fluctuation power removed by the model fit, and can be applied to either data from a single pulsar, or to a set of pulsars to detect a correlated signal. We apply these methods to our data set to set an upper limit on the strength of the nHz-frequency stochastic supermassive black hole gravitational wave background of h sub(c)(1 yr super(-1)) < 7 x 10 super(-15) (95%). This result is dominated by the timing of the two best pulsars in the set, PSRs J1713+0747 and J1909-3744.
Using UV and srCD spectroscopy it is found that loop length within the i-motif structure is important for both thermal and pH stability, but in contrast to previous statements, it is the shorter ...loops that exhibit the highest stability.
I-motif formation has been confirmed in a number of gene promoter sequences known to form G-quadruplex structures. I-motif formation can occur close to physiological temperature and pH for h-tert and ...PDGF-A. The i-motif structure formed by a HIF-1α promoter sequence shows unexpected stability near neutral pH.
By using X‐ray crystallography, we show that the complexes Λ/Δ‐Ru(TAP)2(11‐CN‐dppz)2+ (TAP=1,4,5,8‐tetraazaphenanthrene, dppz=dipyridophenazine) bind DNA G‐quadruplex in an enantiospecific manner ...that parallels the specificity of these complexes with duplex DNA. The Λ complex crystallises with the normally parallel stranded d(TAGGGTTA) tetraplex to give the first such antiparallel strand assembly in which syn‐guanosine is adjacent to the complex at the 5′ end of the quadruplex core. SRCD measurements confirm that the same conformational switch occurs in solution. The Δ enantiomer, by contrast, is present in the structure but stacked at the ends of the assembly. In addition, we report the structure of Λ‐Ru(phen)2(11‐CN‐dppz)2+ bound to d(TCGGCGCCGA), a duplex‐forming sequence, and use both structural models to provide insight into the motif‐specific luminescence response of the isostructural phen analogue enantiomers.
One Way or Another: Enantiospecificity was observed in the binding of the ruthenium polypyridyl complex Λ/Δ‐Ru(TAP)2(11‐CN‐dppz)2+ to the G‐quadruplex‐forming sequence d(TAGGGTTA). Crystallographic studies yielded the first crystal structure of a ruthenium‐bound G‐quadruplex and reveal that the quadruplex adopts an antiparallel topology in the presence of the Λ isomer, but retains its parallel conformation with the Δ isomer.
We report the discovery and initial follow-up of a double neutron star (DNS) system, PSR J1946+2052, with the Arecibo L-Band Feed Array pulsar (PALFA) survey. PSR J1946+2052 is a 17 ms pulsar in a ...1.88 hr, eccentric (e = 0.06) orbit with a 1.2 M companion. We have used the Jansky Very Large Array to localize PSR J1946+2052 to a precision of 0 09 using a new phase binning mode. We have searched multiwavelength catalogs for coincident sources but did not find any counterparts. The improved position enabled a measurement of the spin period derivative of the pulsar ( P ˙ = 9 2 × 10 − 19 ); the small inferred magnetic field strength at the surface (BS = 4 × 109 G) indicates that this pulsar has been recycled. This and the orbital eccentricity lead to the conclusion that PSR J1946+2052 is in a DNS system. Among all known radio pulsars in DNS systems, PSR J1946+2052 has the shortest orbital period and the shortest estimated merger timescale, 46 Myr; at that time it will display the largest spin effects on gravitational-wave waveforms of any such system discovered to date. We have measured the advance of periastron passage for this system, ˙ = 25.6 0.3 deg yr − 1 , implying a total system mass of only 2.50 0.04 M , so it is among the lowest-mass DNS systems. This total mass measurement combined with the minimum companion mass constrains the pulsar mass to 1.3 M .
The new complexes Ru(TAP)2(11‐CN‐dppz)2+, Ru(TAP)2(11‐Br‐dppz)2+and Ru(TAP)2(11,12‐diCN‐dppz)2+ are reported. The addition of nitrile substituents to the dppz ligand of the DNA photo‐oxidising ...complex Ru(TAP)2(dppz)2+ promote π‐stacking interactions and ordered binding to DNA, as shown by X‐ray crystallography. The structure of Λ‐Ru(TAP)2(11‐CN‐dppz)2+ with the DNA duplex d(TCGGCGCCGA)2 shows, for the first time with this class of complex, a closed intercalation cavity with an AT base pair at the terminus. The structure obtained is compared to that formed with the 11‐Br and 11,12‐dinitrile derivatives, highlighting the stabilization of syn guanine by this enantiomer when the terminal base pair is GC. In contrast the AT base pair has the normal Watson–Crick orientation, highlighting the difference in charge distribution between the two purine bases and the complementarity of the dppz–purine interaction. The asymmetry of the cavity highlights the importance of the purine–dppz–purine stacking interaction.
Ligand stacking: Addition of one or two terminal nitrile groups to the dppz ligand improves the stacking capability of the ligand, shown by the formation of a closed intercalation cavity.
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