The ability of conventional CT scans and fiberoptic bronchoscopy to localize and properly stage radiographically occult lung cancer (ROLC) in the major airways is limited. High-resolution CT (HRCT) ...scanning and autofluorescence bronchoscopy (AFB) may improve the assessment of ROLC before the most appropriate therapy can be considered.
We prospectively studied 23 patients with ROLC, who were referred for intraluminal bronchoscopic treatment (IBT) with curative intent. Additional staging with HRCT and AFB was performed prior to treatment. Twenty patients were men, 9 patients had first primary cancers, and 14 patients had second primary cancers or synchronous cancers.
HRCT scanning showed that 19 patients (83%) had no visible tumor or enlarged lymph nodes. With AFB, only 6 of the 19 patients (32%) proved to have tumors ≤ 1 cm2 with visible distal margins. They were treated with IBT. In the remaining 13 patients, abnormal fluorescence indicated more extensive tumor infiltration than could be seen with conventional bronchoscopy alone. Six patients underwent radical surgery for stage T1–2N0 (n = 5) and stage T2N1 (n = 1) tumors. Specimens showed that tumors were indeed more invasive than initially expected. The remaining seven patients technically did not have operable conditions, so they were treated with external irradiation (n = 4) and IBT (n = 3). The range for the time of follow-up for all patients has been 4 to 58 months (median, 40 months). The follow-up data underscore the correlation between accurate tumor staging and survival.
Our data showed that 70% of patients presenting with ROLC had a more advanced cancer than that initially diagnosed, which precludes IBT with curative intent. Additional staging with HRCT and AFB enabled better classification of true occult cancers. Our approach enabled the choice of the most appropriate therapy for each individual patient with ROLC.
The thermal component of the 8 GeV/c pi+ Au data of the ISiS Collaboration is shown to follow the scaling predicted by Fisher's model when Coulomb energy is taken into account. Critical exponents tau ...and sigma, the critical point (p(c),rho(c),T(c)), surface energy coefficient c(0), enthalpy of evaporation DeltaH, and critical compressibility factor C(F)(c) are determined. For the first time, the experimental phase diagrams, (p,T) and (T,rho), describing the liquid vapor coexistence of finite neutral nuclear matter have been constructed.
Separated longitudinal and transverse structure functions for the reaction 1H(e,e(')pi(+))n were measured in the momentum transfer region Q2 = 0.6--1.6 (GeV/c)(2) at a value of the invariant mass W = ...1.95 GeV. New values for the pion charge form factor were extracted from the longitudinal cross section by using a recently developed Regge model. The results indicate that the pion form factor in this region is larger than previously assumed and is consistent with a monopole parametrization fitted to very low Q2 elastic data.
We have measured the beam-normal single-spin asymmetries in elastic scattering of transversely polarized electrons from the proton, and performed the first measurement in quasielastic scattering on ...the deuteron, at backward angles (lab scattering angle of 108°) for Q² = 0.22 GeV²/c² and 0.63 GeV²/c² at beam energies of 362 and 687 MeV, respectively. The asymmetry arises due to the imaginary part of the interference of the two-photon exchange amplitude with that of single-photon exchange. Results for the proton are consistent with a model calculation which includes inelastic intermediate hadronic (πN) states. An estimate of the beam-normal single-spin asymmetry for the scattering from the neutron is made using a quasistatic deuterium approximation, and is also in agreement with theory.
We discuss the time-convolutionless (TCL) projection operator approach to transport in closed quantum systems. The projection onto local densities of quantities such as energy, magnetization, ...particle number, etc. yields the reduced dynamics of the respective quantities in terms of a systematic perturbation expansion. In particular, the lowest order contribution of this expansion is used as a strategy for the analysis of transport in “modular” quantum systems corresponding to quasi one-dimensional structures which consist of identical or similar many-level subunits. Such modular quantum systems are demonstrated to represent many physical situations and several examples of complex single-particle models are analyzed in detail. For these quantum systems lowest order TCL is shown to represent an efficient tool which also allows to investigate the dependence of transport on the considered length scale. To estimate the range of validity of the obtained equations of motion we extend the standard projection to include additional degrees of freedom which model non-Markovian effects of higher orders.
The development of efficient strategies for the treatment of the dynamics of relevant observables in complex quantum systems plays a decisive role in the theory of quantum relaxation and transport ...behavior. Here we discuss the most important tools that are based on the projection operator techniques of nonequilibrium statistical mechanics. For both the Nakajima-Zwanzig and the time-convolutionless projection operator technique we derive the equations of motion for a set of relevant observables and develop explicit expressions in second and fourth order of the corresponding perturbation expansions. We also discuss the Hilbert space average method which is based on the idea of a best guess of conditional quantum expectations determined by an average over a suitable region in the underlying Hilbert space, and relate this method to the projection operator technique.
The characterization of a liquid scintillator incorporating an aqueous solution of enriched lithium chloride to produce a scintillator with 0.40% 6Li is presented, including the performance of the ...scintillator in terms of its optical properties and neutron response. The scintillator was incorporated into a fast neutron spectrometer, and the light output spectra from 2.5MeV, 14.1MeV, and 252Cf neutrons were measured using capture-gated coincidence techniques. The spectrometer was operated without coincidence to perform thermal neutron measurements. Possible improvements in spectrometer performance are discussed.
•We developed a lithium-loaded organic scintillator with 0.40% Li-6 by mass.•The scintillator was characterized for optical properties and neutron response.•We performed spectrometry on fast neutrons using capture-gated coincidence.•We performed ambient thermal neutron fluence measurements.
Cross sections for semi-inclusive electroproduction of charged pions (π±) from both proton and deuteron targets were measured for 0.2<x<0.5, 2<Q2<4 GeV2, 0.3<z<1, and Pt2<0.2 GeV2. For Pt<0.1 GeV, we ...find the azimuthal dependence to be small, as expected theoretically. For both π+ and π−, the Pt dependence from the deuteron is found to be slightly weaker than from the proton. In the context of a simple model, this implies that the initial transverse momenta width of d quarks is larger than for u quarks and, contrary to expectations, the transverse momentum width of the favored fragmentation function is larger than the unfavored one.
Nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEOs) are widely used as surfactants for emulsion polymerization and for post adding stabilization for latex applications in formulations with high filler content. However, ...the current exposure situation of NPEOs in Europe gives rise to environmental concern, despite of the fact that some industry associations have already pro-actively taken measures to phase out these chemistry of their products, e.g. the European detergent industry (AISE) by a voluntary commitment. As a consequence, the EU Commission has recommended to implement a risk reduction strategy, which foresees the ban of all applications leading to direct emissions to waste water and strict emission controls for all other technical processes using NPEOs as surfactant. The effectiveness of the risk reduction measures will be monitored by the authorities. In case that the environmental concentrations of NPEOs and their metabolites do not decrease by at least 70 percent, additional risk reduction measures for technical applications are planned. In one of the major fields of application, alkyl phenol-free emulsifiers with a more favorable ecological profile are becoming key ingredients for eco-friendly emulsion polymers and polymer dispersions: the Disponil
® AFX-Series (Cognis) is a NPEO-free surfactant system for emulsion polymerization and polymer dispersant also as a supposition for getting the European eco-label for indoor paints and varnishes.
These new non-ionic surfactant system exhibits an effective performance during polymerization and as post reaction stabilizers. These products are environmentally compatible, mostly derived from natural renewable resources and readily biodegradable. The underlying chemistry is in compliance with relevant indirect food contact applications BfR recommendations, respectively, FDA CFR 21 (federal drug administration), and a dossier to register the surfactants in the positive list of the EU Directive 2002/72/EC for application in plastic has recently been submitted.
Clear, high solid liquids at room temperature, these surfactants are easy to handle and very effective with regard to controlling particle size, film properties and overall latex stability. This paper summarizes their chemical and surface properties, as well as their performance in model emulsion polymerization formulations for architectural coatings.
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