In Asian developing countries, undeveloped and ineffective sewer systems are causing surface water pollution by a lot of contaminants, especially pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). ...Therefore, the risks for freshwater fauna need to be assessed. The present study aimed at: i) elucidating the contamination status; ii) evaluating the bioaccumulation; and iii) assessing the potential risks of PPCP residues in surface water and freshwater fish from three Asian countries. We measured 43 PPCPs in the plasma of several fish species as well as ambient water samples collected from India (Chennai and Bengaluru), Indonesia (Jakarta and Tangerang), and Vietnam (Hanoi and Hoa Binh). In addition, the validity of the existing fish blood–water partitioning model based solely on the lipophilicity of chemicals is assessed for ionizable and readily metabolizable PPCPs. When comparing bioaccumulation factors calculated from the PPCP concentrations measured in the fish and water (BAFmeasured) with bioconcentration factors predicted from their pH-dependent octanol–water partition coefficient (BCFpredicted), close values (within an order of magnitude) were observed for 58–91 % of the detected compounds. Nevertheless, up to 110 times higher plasma BAFmeasured than the BCFpredicted were found for the antihistamine chlorpheniramine in tilapia but not in other fish species. The plasma BAFmeasured values of the compound were significantly different in the three fish species (tilapia > carp > catfish), possibly due to species-specific differences in toxicokinetics (e.g., plasma protein binding and hepatic metabolism). Results of potential risk evaluation based on the PPCP concentrations measured in the fish plasma suggested that chlorpheniramine, triclosan, haloperidol, triclocarban, diclofenac, and diphenhydramine can pose potential adverse effects on wild fish. Results of potential risk evaluation based on the PPCP concentrations measured in the surface water indicated high ecological risks of carbamazepine, sulfamethoxazole, erythromycin, and triclosan on Asian freshwater ecosystems.
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•Chlorpheniramine and triclosan showed species-specific bioaccumulation factors.•Protein binding may cause high bioaccumulation of chlorpheniramine in tilapia plasma.•High levels of parabens indicated inflows of untreated wastewater into urban rivers.•Carbamazepine, sulfamethoxazole, erythromycin, and triclosan reached high risk levels.
The recycling and disposal of electronic waste (e-waste) in developing countries is causing an increasing concern due to its effects on the environment and associated human health risks. To ...understand the contamination status, we measured trace elements (TEs) in soil, air dust, and human hair collected from e-waste recycling sites (a recycling facility and backyard recycling units) and the reference sites in Bangalore and Chennai in India. Concentrations of Cu, Zn, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Sb, Hg, Pb, and Bi were higher in soil from e-waste recycling sites compared to reference sites. For Cu, Sb, Hg, and Pb in some soils from e-waste sites, the levels exceeded screening values proposed by US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Concentrations of Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, In, Sn, Sb, Tl, Pb and Bi in air from the e-waste recycling facility were relatively higher than the levels in Chennai city. High levels of Cu, Mo, Ag, Cd, In, Sb, Tl, and Pb were observed in hair of male workers from e-waste recycling sites. Our results suggest that e-waste recycling and its disposal may lead to the environmental and human contamination by some TEs. To our knowledge, this is the first study on TE contamination at e-waste recycling sites in Bangalore, India.
Urban mining is a process of reclaiming raw materials from products, buildings and waste from towns, cities and metropolitan areas. Recycling and disposal of electronic waste in developing countries ...is gaining importance not only due to the recovery of resources hidden in them but also due to impact on the environment.
An isocratic HPLC method was developed using, Shimadzu C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) with an isocratic binary mobile phase consisting of Acetonitrile: Buffer in a ratio (80:20 v/v) pH 3.0 ...adjusted with Orthophosphoric acid and flow rate monitored at 0.80 ml/min. The UV detector was used for simultaneous analysis of two drugs at a common wavelength of 226 nm and each injection volume was 20 µl. The retention time for Empagliflozin and Linagliptin was found to be 3.714 min and 3.064 min, respectively. Empagliflozin and Linagliptin produce degradation products in acidic, alkaline, thermal, and UV stress. The result of the assay of Empagliflozin and Linagliptin shows that the degradation product does not interfere with the analytical procedure quantitively when these drugs are analyzed.
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