Review of Particle Physics Workman, R L; Klempt, E; Agashe, K ...
Progress of theoretical and experimental physics,
08/2022, Volume:
2022, Issue:
8
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Abstract
The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 2,143 new measurements from 709 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured ...properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as supersymmetric particles, heavy bosons, axions, dark photons, etc. Particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Higgs Boson Physics, Supersymmetry, Grand Unified Theories, Neutrino Mixing, Dark Energy, Dark Matter, Cosmology, Particle Detectors, Colliders, Probability and Statistics. Among the 120 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised, including a new review on Machine Learning, and one on Spectroscopy of Light Meson Resonances.
The Review is divided into two volumes. Volume 1 includes the Summary Tables and 97 review articles. Volume 2 consists of the Particle Listings and contains also 23 reviews that address specific aspects of the data presented in the Listings.
The complete Review (both volumes) is published online on the website of the Particle Data Group (pdg.lbl.gov) and in a journal. Volume 1 is available in print as the PDG Book. A Particle Physics Booklet with the Summary Tables and essential tables, figures, and equations from selected review articles is available in print, as a web version optimized for use on phones, and as an Android app.
Review of Particle Physics Barnett, R M; Beringer, J; Dahl, O ...
Progress of theoretical and experimental physics,
2020, Volume:
2020, Issue:
8
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Abstract
The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 3,324 new measurements from 878 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured ...properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as supersymmetric particles, heavy bosons, axions, dark photons, etc. Particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Higgs Boson Physics, Supersymmetry, Grand Unified Theories, Neutrino Mixing, Dark Energy, Dark Matter, Cosmology, Particle Detectors, Colliders, Probability and Statistics. Among the 120 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised, including a new review on High Energy Soft QCD and Diffraction and one on the Determination of CKM Angles from B Hadrons.
The Review is divided into two volumes. Volume 1 includes the Summary Tables and 98 review articles. Volume 2 consists of the Particle Listings and contains also 22 reviews that address specific aspects of the data presented in the Listings.
The complete Review (both volumes) is published online on the website of the Particle Data Group (pdg.lbl.gov) and in a journal. Volume 1 is available in print as the PDG Book. A Particle Physics Booklet with the Summary Tables and essential tables, figures, and equations from selected review articles is available in print and as a web version optimized for use on phones as well as an Android app.
Although Asian thyroid practices have implemented the American Thyroid Association guidelines, significant deviations in actual risk of malignancy (ROM) have been reported. With review of the ...literature from Asia, the authors examine the underlining reasons for actual ROMs reported in Asia being so different from western practice based on the author's perspective. Although the most popular diagnostic system for thyroid cytology used in Asian countries is the Bethesda system, the Japan Thyroid Association published clinical guidelines, including a national reporting system for thyroid cytology, to adapt conservative clinical management (active surveillance and strict triage patients for surgery) for low‐risk thyroid carcinomas. As less aggressive clinical management is favoured in Asian societies, strict triage of patients with indeterminate thyroid nodules for surgery is usually applied, which ultimately reduces overtreatment of indolent thyroid tumours. As a result, low resection rates and high ROMs for indeterminate nodules were achieved in Asian practices using the same Bethesda system. Recently, borderline thyroid tumours were introduced in the thyroid tumour classification and significant decreases in ROMs have been reported in the indeterminate categories in western practice. However, ROM of indeterminate nodules remained high in Asian practice even after borderline tumours were deemed benign. These results suggested that the diagnostic threshold of papillary thyroid carcinoma‐type nuclear features varied among practices (stricter in Asia than in western practice), and diagnostic surgery was not performed for a significant number of indeterminate nodules with benign clinical features in Asian practice, resulting in low rates of borderline tumours in surgically‐treated patients.
Although Asian thyroid practices have implemented the American Thyroid Association guidelines and the Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology, significant deviations in actual risk of malignancy have been reported. With review of the literature and analyses of thyroid practices in Asia, the author examines the underlining reasons why actual ROMs reported in Asia are so different from those in Western practice based on the author's perspective.
Fine-tuned interactions between melatonin (MT) and hormones affected by environmental inputs are crucial for plant growth. Under high light (HL) conditions, melatonin reduced photodamage in
and ...contributed to the restoration of the expression of the cytokinin (CK) synthesis genes
,
and
and genes for CK signal transduction
,
and
,
,
and
which were downregulated by stress. However, CK signaling mutants displayed no significant changes in the expression of CK genes following HL + MT treatment, implying that a fully functional cytokinin signaling pathway is a prerequisite for MT-CK interactions. In turn, cytokinin treatment increased the expression of the key melatonin synthesis gene
under both moderate and HL in wild-type plants. This upregulation was further accentuated in the
,
,
mutant which is highly sensitive to CK. In this mutant, in addition to
, the melatonin synthesis genes
and
, as well as the putative signaling genes
and
, displayed elevated transcript levels. The results of the study suggest that melatonin acts synergistically with CK to cope with HL stress through melatonin-associated activation or repression of the respective hormonal genes.
ABSTRACT
Details of the calibration and testing of the first ‘sulfide version’ of the COMAGMAT magma crystallization model (version 5·2, 2012–2014) are presented. The model’s updated empirical basis ...includes new mineral–melt geothermometers for olivine, plagioclase, high-Ca pyroxene, pigeonite, and orthopyroxene (calibrated at 1 atm. pressure), which are combined with a recently proposed Fe–Ni sulfide solubility model. This allows COMAGMAT-5 to be used for calculations of equilibrium and fractional crystallization of S-saturated and S-undersaturated magmas, including changes in the Fe/Ni ratio in silicate melts, femic minerals, and coexisting sulfides, as well as sulfide-silicate (±Fe–Ti oxides) proportions for multiply-saturated mineral assemblages. Based on our experience in tests of experimental data and modeling crystallization of mafic magmas, the possible range of application of COMAGMAT-5 may be extended up to 1–2 kbar pressure. The new model suggests a strong dependence of sulfide liquid immiscibility on the Ni content of the melt, as the increase of Ni is shown to decrease sulfide solubility, thus stabilizing the sulfide liquid in crystallizing mineral assemblages. This effect was tested for a Ni-rich sulfide-saturated glass dredged from the the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The sulfide COMAGMAT was found to accurately predict the low S content observed in the glass (∼600 ppm); other existing ‘FeS’ solubility models yield higher values, mostly > 1000 ppm. In addition, using an experimentally studied high magnesia andesite composition, the results of calculations with two versions of COMAGMAT (3·72 & 5·2) were compared with those produced by MELTS family models. Application examples of COMAGMAT-5 include the modeling Fe–Ni sulfide saturation during equilibrium and fractional crystallization of ultramafic systems, approximating the most primitive magmas and cumulates from the Bushveld Complex in South Africa.
The solubility of crystalline MoO
3
in HCl solutions with variable concentration was investigated at 100, 155, 200, 250, 300, 350°C and saturated vapor pressure. The results showed that the MoO
3
...solubility increases with increasing HCl concentration. Using the OptimA program, the Gibbs energies of MoO
2
Cl
2
complex have been determined. The stability constants of MoO
2
Cl
2
are calculated according to the reaction:
The
pK
values are 1.07 ± 0.29; 1.06 ± 0.49; 1.74 ± 0.71; 1.83 ± 0.47; 1.50 ± 0.28; 0.95 ± 0.57, respectively, at 100, 155, 200, 250, 300, 350°C (saturated vapor pressure).
The coordination of activities between nuclei and organelles in plant cells involves information exchange, in which phytohormones may play essential roles. Therefore, the dissection of the mechanisms ...of hormone-related integration between phytohormones and mitochondria is an important and challenging task. Here, we found that inputs from multiple hormones may cause changes in the transcript accumulation of mitochondrial-encoded genes and nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial (mt) proteins. In particular, treatments with exogenous hormones induced changes in the
expression in the reporter line possessing a 5'-deletion fragment of the
promoter. These changes corresponded in part to the up- or downregulation of
in wild-type plants, which affects the transcription of mt-encoded genes, implying that the promoter fragment of the
gene is functionally involved in the responses to IAA (indole-3-acetic acid), ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid), and ABA (abscisic acid). Hormone-dependent modulations in the expression of mt-encoded genes can also be mediated through mitochondrial transcription termination factors 15, 17, and 18 of the mTERF family and genes for tetratricopeptide repeat proteins that are coexpressed with
genes, in addition to
encoding a mitochondrial SWI/SNF (nucleosome remodeling) complex B protein. These genes specifically respond to hormone treatment, displaying both negative and positive regulation in a context-dependent manner. According to bioinformatic resources, their promoter region possesses putative
-acting elements involved in responses to phytohormones. Alternatively, the hormone-related transcriptional activity of these genes may be modulated indirectly, which is especially relevant for brassinosteroids (BS). In general, the results of this study indicate that hormones are essential mediators that are able to cause alterations in the transcript accumulation of mt-related nuclear genes, which, in turn, trigger the expression of mt genes.
Plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP) forms a multisubunit complex in operating chloroplasts, where PEP subunits and a sigma factor are tightly associated with 12 additional nuclear-encoded proteins. ...Mutants with disrupted genes encoding PEP-associated proteins (PAPs) provide unique tools for deciphering mutual relationships among phytohormones. A block of chloroplast biogenesis in
mutants specifying highly altered metabolism in white tissues induced dramatic fluctuations in the content of major phytohormones and their metabolic genes, whereas hormone signaling circuits mostly remained functional. Reprogramming of the expression of biosynthetic and metabolic genes contributed to a greatly increased content of salicylic acid (SA) and a concomitant decrease in 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) and oxophytodienoic acid (OPDA), precursors of ethylene and jasmonic acid, respectively, in parallel to reduced levels of abscisic acid (ABA). The lack of differences in the free levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) between the
mutants and wild-type plants was accompanied by fluctuations in the contents of IAA precursors and conjugated forms as well as multilayered changes in the expression of IAA metabolic genes. Along with cytokinin (CK) overproduction, all of these compensatory changes aim to balance plant growth and defense systems to ensure viability under highly modulated conditions.