This is the key publication for professionals and students in the metallurgy and foundry field. Fully revised and expanded, Castings Second Edition covers the latest developments in the understanding ...of the role of the liquid metal in controlling the properties of cast materials, and indeed, of all metallic materials that have started in the cast form. Practising foundry engineers, designers, and students will find the revealing insights into the behaviour of castings essential in developing their inderstanding and practice. John Campbell OBE is a leading international figure in the castings industry, with over four decades of experience. He is the originator of the Cosworth Casting Process, the pre-eminent production process for automobile cylinder heads and blocks. He is also co-inventor of both the Baxi Casting Process (now owned by Alcoa) developed in the UK, and the newly emerging Alotech Casting Process in the USA. He is Professor of Casting Technology at the University of Birmingham, UK. * New edition of this internationally respected reference and textbook for engineers and students * Develops understanding of the concepts and practice of casting operations * Castings' is the key work on castings technology and process metallurgy, and an essential resource on contemporary developments and thinking on the new metallurgy of cast alloys * Revised and updated throughout, with new material on subjects including surface turbulence, the new theory of entrainment defects including folded film defects, plus the latest concepts of alloy theory
This lecture considers the case for consumer financial regulation in an environment where many households lack the knowledge to manage their financial affairs effectively. The lecture argues that ...financial ignorance is pervasive and unsurprising given the complexity of modern financial products, and that it contributes meaningfully to the evolution of wealth inequality. The lecture uses a stylized model to discuss the welfare economics of paternalistic intervention in financial markets, and discusses several specific examples including asset allocation in retirement savings, fees for unsecured short-term borrowing, and reverse mortgages.
During their processing from ores, all metals go through a particulate stage. These separate pieces have to be consolidated usually with heat and pressure to form useful engineering forms. In the ...case of metals which undergo a melting stage, the pouring and stirring actions which are commonly employed disintegrate the liquid into splashes and droplets which appear to mutually assimilate, creating a consolidated bulk liquid. However, in every case, whether consolidation takes place in the solid or liquid states, the consolidation mechanism naturally incorporates an oxide-to-oxide interface (although occasionally other surface films such as nitrides and pure carbon are involved). The concept of the meeting of oxides is of course assumed to be trivial and therefore almost universally overlooked. However, the consequences seem to be far from trivial. The creation of opposed, double (never single), unbonded oxide films, called ‘bifilms’ by the author, acts as cracks. They can survive extensive plastic working and seem to be prolific throughout metallurgy. They appear to exert significant control over the failure properties of metals, by both cracking and corrosion. They are proposed to constitute the Griffith cracks required for the failure of metals by fracture and fatigue. Bifilms may now be eliminated from some of our liquid processing routes, enabling for the first time the production of crack-resistant and corrosion-resistant metals.
Precision phenomenology with MCFM Campbell, John; Neumann, Tobias
The journal of high energy physics,
12/2019, Volume:
2019, Issue:
12
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
A
bstract
Without proper control of numerical and methodological errors in theoretical predictions at the per mille level it is not possible to study the effect of input parameters in current ...hadron-collider measurements at the required precision. We present the new version of the parton-level code MCFM-9.0 that achieves this requirement through its highly-parallelized nature, significant performance improvements and new features. An automatic differential jettiness slicing cutoff extrapolation is introduced to assess the cutoff dependence of all results, thus ensuring their reliability and potentially improving fixed- cutoff results by an order of magnitude. The efficient differential study of PDF uncertainties and PDF set differences at NNLO, for multiple PDF sets simultaneously, is achieved by exploiting correlations. We use these improvements to study uncertainties and PDF sensitivity at NNLO, using 371 PDF set members. The work described here permits NNLO studies that were previously prohibitively expensive, and lays the groundwork necessary for a future implementation of NNLO calculations with a jet at Born level in MCFM.
I offer an institutional theory of corporate social responsibility consisting of a series of propositions specifying the conditions under which corporations are likely to behave in socially ...responsible ways. I argue that the relationship between basic economic conditions and corporate behavior is mediated by several institutional conditions: public and private regulation, the presence of nongovernmental and other independent organizations that monitor corporate behavior, institutionalized norms regarding appropriate corporate behavior, associative behavior among corporations themselves, and organized dialogues among corporations and their stakeholders.
The development of aluminum salts (alum) as vaccine adjuvants was an empirical process with little understanding of the mechanism of action and, with decades of use, it has become clear that there is ...a need for alternatives where alum-based adjuvants are suboptimal. Oligonucleotides containing unmethylated CpG sequences represent one alternative as they are potent stimulators of the vertebrate innate immune system through activation of Toll-like receptor-9. This chapter outlines the methods used by Dynavax Technologies to progress a CpG-containing oligonucleotide sequence termed 1018 through preclinical and clinical testing as an adjuvant for immunization against hepatitis B virus (HBV). 1018 is a short (22-mer) oligonucleotide sequence containing CpG motifs active in both rodents and primates. Preclinical testing of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) + 1018 in comparison to HBsAg + alum demonstrated induction of substantially higher antibody titers and a favorable safety profile for 1018. Most importantly, clinical studies with HBsAg vaccination consistently demonstrate more rapid induction of protective antibody titers with 1018 compared to alum in all populations studied, including groups that are harder to immunize such as the elderly and immunocompromised individuals. These studies represent the basis for use of the CpG-motif-containing oligonucleotide 1018 as an improved adjuvant for HBsAg immunogenicity. HBsAg + 1018 (HEPLISAV-B
) is currently in late-stage clinical testing for prophylactic immunization against HBV.
Household Finance CAMPBELL, JOHN Y.
The Journal of finance (New York),
August 2006, Volume:
61, Issue:
4
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
The study of household finance is challenging because household behavior is difficult to measure, and households face constraints not captured by textbook models. Evidence on participation, ...diversification, and mortgage refinancing suggests that many households invest effectively, but a minority make significant mistakes. This minority appears to be poorer and less well educated than the majority of more successful investors. There is some evidence that households understand their own limitations and avoid financial strategies for which they feel unqualified. Some financial products involve a cross-subsidy from naive to sophisticated households, and this can inhibit welfare-improving financial innovation.
Epidemiological evidence indicates that regular physical activity and/or frequent structured exercise reduces the incidence of many chronic diseases in older age, including communicable diseases such ...as viral and bacterial infections, as well as non-communicable diseases such as cancer and chronic inflammatory disorders. Despite the apparent health benefits achieved by leading an active lifestyle, which imply that regular physical activity and frequent exercise enhance immune competency and regulation, the effect of a single bout of exercise on immune function remains a controversial topic. Indeed, to this day, it is perceived by many that a vigorous bout of exercise can temporarily suppress immune function. In the first part of this review, we deconstruct the key pillars which lay the foundation to this theory-referred to as the "open window" hypothesis-and highlight that: (i) limited reliable evidence exists to support the claim that vigorous exercise heightens risk of opportunistic infections; (ii) purported changes to mucosal immunity, namely salivary IgA levels, after exercise do not signpost a period of immune suppression; and (iii) the dramatic reductions to lymphocyte numbers and function 1-2 h after exercise reflects a transient and time-dependent redistribution of immune cells to peripheral tissues, resulting in a heightened state of immune surveillance and immune regulation, as opposed to immune suppression. In the second part of this review, we provide evidence that frequent exercise enhances-rather than suppresses-immune competency, and highlight key findings from human vaccination studies which show heightened responses to bacterial and viral antigens following bouts of exercise. Finally, in the third part of this review, we highlight that regular physical activity and frequent exercise might limit or delay aging of the immune system, providing further evidence that exercise is beneficial for immunological health. In summary, the over-arching aim of this review is to rebalance opinion over the perceived relationships between exercise and immune function. We emphasize that it is a misconception to label any form of acute exercise as immunosuppressive, and, instead, exercise most likely improves immune competency across the lifespan.
This paper presents a personal view by the author of the role of bifilms in Al alloys. The mantra 'microstructure determines properties' is widely accepted as a truism, but is here critically ...assessed and found wanting. The case is made that bifilms from the casting process, while often invisible in the microstructure, are usually at least as important, if not of far greater importance, because they are often present as a dense population of cracks throughout the metal. The bifilm population controls the morphology of many features of cast and wrought structures. For cast alloys, bifilm control of pore morphology and Si morphology in Al-Si alloys is discussed, as is dendrite arm spacing (DAS). The tensile property benefits of grain refinement are seen to be mainly bifilm controlled. The properties ductility and fatigue appear to be especially dominated by bifilm content, as are invasive corrosion processes such as pitting, intergranular corrosion, hydrogen blistering and cracking. Bifilm control is proposed as a new concept permitting the improvement and control of metallurgical properties.
PDF
