The aims of this study were to compare the parenting behaviors of mothers and fathers when evaluated in a free play situation at home and to study how these behaviors were related to the ...sociodemographic variables of the family. The study included 155 mothers and 155 fathers from the same families in Spain. The children (90 boys and 65 girls) were typically developing and were aged between 10 and 47 months old. The parents completed a sociodemographic questionnaire, and parenting behaviors in four domains (Affection, Responsiveness, Encouragement, and Teaching) were assessed from self-recorded videotapes, in accordance with the Spanish version of the PICCOLO. Our results showed both commonalities and differences between the mothers and fathers. The mean scores for the four parenting domains followed a similar pattern in both mothers and fathers: the highest mean score was in the Responsiveness domain, followed by the Affection, Encouragement, and the Teaching domains. Regarding the second aim, no differences were observed in parenting according to the child's gender and the only domain related to the child's age was mother's Teaching. Mothers with a higher educational level scored higher on all parenting domains, except for Responsiveness. Family income was positively related to maternal Affection, Encouragement, and the total PICCOLO score, and to the father's score in the Teaching domain. This study provides evidence that Spanish mothers and fathers show very similar strengths for promoting children's development during interactions. These results are relevant to inform social public policies and family programs.
There is clear agreement about the importance of promoting emotional intelligence in school through programs integrated in the academic curriculum. The objective of this study is to analyze the ...impact of the EDI program on the emotional intelligence trait and on general academic performance, as well as mathematics and language performance. The participants were 5th grade elementary school students between 10 and 11 years old. A quasi-experimental repeated-measures design was used, with a comparison group and four assessment points. The results showed, on the one hand, the effectiveness of a two-year intervention in improving emotional intelligence and, on the other hand, its positive influence on academic performance in general, and specifically on mathematics and language performance. In the non-intervention group, general academic performance and language performance declined. The results are discussed, and recommendations are made for future interventions.
The aim of the study was to examine the relation between demographic variables, parental characteristics, and cognitive, language and motor skills development in children with intellectual ...disabilities (ID). A sample of 89 children with ID, aged 20-47 months, completed the Bayley Scales of Infant Development to measure cognitive, motor, and linguistic development. Parents were administered questionnaires about demographic information and parental anxiety, depression, parental stress, conjugality and familial functioning. Parenting behaviors (affection, responsiveness, encouragement, and teaching) were observed using the Spanish version of PICCOLO (Parenting Interactions with Children: Checklist of Observations Linked to Outcomes). A bivariate analysis showed that cognitive development in infants was significantly related to the mother's and father's responsiveness, and to the father's teaching scores. Infant language development was related to a variety of maternal factors (educational level, anxiety, depression, maternal responsiveness) and to the father's teaching scores. None of the factors were statistically related to child motor development. A multivariate regression analysis indicated that children's cognitive development can be predicted by a linear combination of maternal responsiveness and paternal teaching scores. Language development can be predicted by a linear combination of maternal anxiety and responsiveness, and paternal teaching scores. The present study provides evidence of the importance of paternal involvement for cognitive and language development in children with intellectual disabilities, and contributes to the increasing literature about fathering. Gaining knowledge about parental contributions to children's development is relevant for improving positive parenting in early intervention programs.
Black liquor (BL) has valuable lignin and its derived compounds, which can be used for many purposes, such as polyol synthesis. Herein, we reveal polyols presence in depolymerized black liquor (DBL) ...and propose a fast and scalable approach to increase the yield of this fraction. Hydrothermal treatment (HTL) of black liquor (385°C, 26 MPa) was performed in a custom designed supercritical water (SCW) pilot-plant with rapid reaction times of around 0.4 s. Ash-free, total ethyl acetate extracted bio-oil yield was found 77% w/w. In addition to the contribution of the detailed fractionation methods, this study highlights continuous operation (>1 hour), and short reaction times (∼0.4 s) of raw black liquor in SCW to produce biopolyols and aromatic bio-oil.
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•Black liquor depolymerization in SCW produces biopolyols.•Hydrothermal treatment provided 77% w/w bio-oil yield in 0.4 sec.•Monomer yield found 30% w/w more in the depolymerized black liquor compared to raw black liquor.•Inorganics could be reused in pulping process by integrating to its process cycle.•Aromatic monomers; guaiacol and syringol were produced during the process.
Parental behavior in interactions with children has been related to child language development. Our study contributes to the literature about relations between the characteristics of parent-child ...interactions during play and a child's language development in typically developing children at early ages, with data from mothers and fathers from the same families in Spain. Our aim was to analyze the relation between positive parenting behaviors assessed with the Spanish version of the Parenting Interactions with Children: Checklist of Observations Linked to Outcomes (PICCOLO) and child language development assessed with the Bayley-III scales. We controlled for some sociodemographic variables. The participants were 90 children aged 15-31 months and their mothers and fathers. Bivariate analysis showed significant positive relations between mothers' responsive, encouraging and teaching behaviors and a child's language scores. Relations were found between fathers' encouraging and teaching behaviors and a child's language. Regression models indicate that maternal and paternal encouraging behaviors predicted 18% of the variability in the child's receptive language, and maternal responsive and teaching behaviors predicted 16% of the variability in the child's expressive language and total language scores. The study provides new data that support the relevance of positive parental behaviors to improve a child's linguistic development.
The Adult Attachment Questionnaire-Revised and its psychometric properties are presented for dimensional and categorical evaluation of adult attachment style. Eight items were added to the original ...questionnaire (CAA; Melero and Cantero, 2008) that expanded avoidance dimension assessment and sensitivity evaluation. The exploratory factor analysis EFA led to 35 items grouped in 4 affective dimensions. (1) Anxiety: Need for approval, negative self-esteem, fear for rejection/abandonment and relationship anxiety; (2) Socioemotional competence: Emotional openness, sensitivity, and confidence; (3) Avoidance: Self-reliance and emotional discomfort with intimacy, and (4) Anger: Resentment, anger and intransigence. The cluster analysis confirmed the categorization of the 4 styles of attachment described by Bartholomew (Bartholomew and Horowitz, 1991). The questionnaire showed satisfactory levels of reliability and validity.
Childhood maltreatment is a major risk factor for emotional problems in adolescence and adulthood and has deleterious effects on cognitive functions such as working memory. A key aspect in the study ...of the cognitive and affective consequences of maltreatment is autobiographical memory, especially regarding the difficulty retrieving specific memories, known as overgeneral memory. In this study, autobiographical memory tests, working memory, and a depressive symptom assessment were administered to 48 adolescents in care with a history of maltreatment (22 abused and 26 neglected) without mental disorder, who had been removed from their family and were living in residential child care, and to 61 adolescents nonmaltreated who had never been placed in care. The results show that adolescents with a history of maltreatment remember fewer specific events (Cohen d = 1.1–1.3) and that both working memory and depressive symptoms are involved in overgeneral memory (R2 = .13–.26). Directions for future research include neuropsychological assessment and implementation of a training program to increase specific memory recall in this population.
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•Esters nature affects the reaction kinetics and the time required for the products.•Precise MG, DG, FFA selectivity achieved by temperature and reaction time control.•MG and DG can ...be obtained in SCW at 375 °C and times of less than 40 s.•SCW shows the intensification of a hydrolysis reaction dropping time from h to s.•SCW hydrolysis of triglycerides may be a key for future FFA production reactors.
This study focuses on utilizing subcritical and supercritical water technology to produce intensive and selective diglycerides, monoglycerides, and fatty acids. The water properties can be easily modified by adjusting pressure and temperature, which promotes an improving solubility of the triglycerides in water and a selective production of glycerides. Triacetin and sunflower oil were used as models for short and long-chain components, exploring a range of temperatures (250 to 400 °C), pressures (22.0 to 25.0 MPa), and reaction times (0.7 to 29 s). A conversion of 98.5 % of sunflower oil is reached at 375 °C and 25.0 MPa in 29 s. The resulting products are 16.3 % diglycerides, 27.9 % monoglycerides, 48.9 % fatty acids, and 5.3 % glycerol. On the other hand, only 13 % of the oil is hydrolyzed at 300 °C, 22.0 MPa, with a reaction time of 23.6 s. The main product at this condition was fatty acids with a yield of 3.7 %. Furthermore, a kinetic model was developed to obtain comprehensive kinetic parameters for both raw materials to evaluate their reactivity during hydrolysis. This study provides valuable insights into the hydrolysis kinetics and the most promising conditions to make valuable products like fatty acids, mono and diglycerides, and glycerol.
This study aimed to examine the relationship between maternal sensitivity and affect, as perceived by the child, and childhood creativity. Self-esteem and shyness were considered mediating factors. A ...total of 151 elementary school pupils were tested on verbal and pictorial creativity, self-esteem, and perceived maternal affect and sensitivity. Their teachers assessed each child's shyness in their relations at school. A Multiple Indicators and Multiple Causes (MIMIC) model of the causal relationships among the study's variables was tested. Results supported this theoretical model of causality. Maternal sensitivity had a significant, direct, positive effect on self-esteem, and a direct negative effect on shyness. In addition, self-esteem had a direct positive effect on verbal creativity and shyness had a negative direct effect on verbal and pictorial creativity. The indirect effect of maternal sensitivity on verbal creativity was significant via both self-esteem and shyness. The findings were discussed in terms of their implications for child development.
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