The exogenous application of GA
3
to atemoya tree flowers induces parthenocarpy, and in association with artificial pollination, it increases the fruit size. Morphological, anatomical, ...ultrastructural, and chemical aspects were evaluated during development of (1) fruit produced by artificial pollination (AP), (2) fruit from AP followed by the application of 250 ppm GA
3
, and (3) parthenocarpic fruit induced by the application of 1000 ppm GA
3
. Fruit growth showed a sigmoidal pattern, with development occurring in three phases: (I) cell division, (II) cell differentiation, and (III) maturation. Phase I presented cells with large nuclear volumes and a large population of organelles, phase II presented cells with a reduction in cytoplasm and an increase in vacuole volume, and phase III presented cells with an increase in plastids with reserve compounds. The application of GA
3
, in association with pollination, precedes cytological events and delays when applied exclusively. GA
3
promotes the growth of pollinated fruits by stimulating cell division and expansion, which occur in association with reduced seed production, and the GA
3
induces parthenocarpy by maintaining division and stimulating cell expansion. The absence of seeds accounts for the smaller size of the parthenocarpic fruits, and the lower accumulation of calcium accounts for less firm fruit.
The exogenous application of GA
to atemoya tree flowers induces parthenocarpy, and in association with artificial pollination, it increases the fruit size. Morphological, anatomical, ultrastructural, ...and chemical aspects were evaluated during development of (1) fruit produced by artificial pollination (AP), (2) fruit from AP followed by the application of 250 ppm GA
, and (3) parthenocarpic fruit induced by the application of 1000 ppm GA
. Fruit growth showed a sigmoidal pattern, with development occurring in three phases: (I) cell division, (II) cell differentiation, and (III) maturation. Phase I presented cells with large nuclear volumes and a large population of organelles, phase II presented cells with a reduction in cytoplasm and an increase in vacuole volume, and phase III presented cells with an increase in plastids with reserve compounds. The application of GA
, in association with pollination, precedes cytological events and delays when applied exclusively. GA
promotes the growth of pollinated fruits by stimulating cell division and expansion, which occur in association with reduced seed production, and the GA
induces parthenocarpy by maintaining division and stimulating cell expansion. The absence of seeds accounts for the smaller size of the parthenocarpic fruits, and the lower accumulation of calcium accounts for less firm fruit.
Glioblastoma (GB) is the most aggressive primary malignant brain tumor and is associated with short survival. O-GlcNAcylation is an intracellular glycosylation that regulates protein function, ...enzymatic activity, protein stability, and subcellular localization. Aberrant O-GlcNAcylation is related to the tumorigenesis of different tumors, and mounting evidence supports O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) as a potential therapeutic target. Here, we used two human GB cell lines alongside primary human astrocytes as a non-tumoral control to investigate the role of O-GlcNAcylation in cell proliferation, cell cycle, autophagy, and cell death. We observed that hyper O-GlcNAcylation promoted increased cellular proliferation, independent of alterations in the cell cycle, through the activation of autophagy. On the other hand, hypo O-GlcNAcylation inhibited autophagy, promoted cell death by apoptosis, and reduced cell proliferation. In addition, the decrease in O-GlcNAcylation sensitized GB cells to the chemotherapeutic temozolomide (TMZ) without affecting human astrocytes. Combined, these results indicated a role for O-GlcNAcylation in governing cell proliferation, autophagy, cell death, and TMZ response, thereby indicating possible therapeutic implications for treating GB. These findings pave the way for further research and the development of novel treatment approaches which may contribute to improved outcomes and increased survival rates for patients facing this challenging disease.
