The half-lantern compound {Pt(bzq)(μ-C7H4NS2-κN,S)}2·Me2CO (1) was obtained by reaction of equimolar amounts of potassium 2-mercaptobenzothiazolate (KC7H4NS2) and Pt(bzq)(NCMe)2ClO4. The ...Pt(II)···Pt(II) separation in the neutral complex {Pt(bzq)(μ-C7H4NS2-κN,S)}2 is 2.910 (2) Å, this being among the shortest observed in half-lantern divalent platinum complexes. Within the complex, the benzohquinoline (bzq) groups lie in close proximity with most C···C distances being between 3.3 and 3.7 Å, which is indicative of significant π–π interactions. The reaction of 1 with halogens X2 (X2 = Cl2, Br2, or I2) proceeds with a two-electron oxidation to give the corresponding dihalodiplatinum(III) complexes {Pt(bzq)(μ-C7H4NS2-κN,S)X}2 (X = Cl 2, Br 3, I 4). Their X-ray structures confirm the retention of the half-lantern structure and the coordination mode of the bzq and the bridging ligand μ-C7H4NS2-κN,S. The Pt–Pt distances (Pt–Pt = 2.6420(3) Å 2, 2.6435(4) Å 3, 2.6690(3) Å 4) are shorter than that in 1 because of the Pt–Pt bond formation. Time dependent-density functional theory (TD-DFT) studies performed on 1 show a formal bond order of 0 between the metal atoms, with the 6p z contribution diminishing the antibonding character of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and being responsible for an attractive intermetallic interaction. A shortening of the Pt–Pt distance from 2.959 Å in the ground state S0 to 2.760 Å in the optimized first excited state (T1) is consistent with an increase in the Pt–Pt bond order to 0.5. In agreement with TD-DFT calculations, the intense, structureless, red emission of 1 in the solid state and in solution can be mainly attributed to triplet metal–metal-to-ligand charge transfer (3MMLCT) dσ*(Pt–Pt) → π*(bzq) excited states. The high quantum yields of this emission measured in toluene (44%) and solid state (62%) at room temperature indicate that 1 is a very efficient and stable 3MMLCT emitter, even in solution. The high luminescence quantum yield of its red emission, added to its neutral character and the thermal stability of 1, make it a potential compound to be incorporated as phosphorescent dopant in multilayer organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs).
An increasing proportion of adolescents appear to see sexting as something normal, despite the serious consequences it can have on their well-being. Only little is known about the factors that ...facilitate teens' participation, and even less about whether the same factors influence different types of sexting behaviors – sending, receiving, forwarding, or receiving via an intermediary – in different ways. Here we analyze whether the need for popularity, participation in cybergossip, social competence, the level of normalization of sexting and willingness to sext predicts to what extent teens participate in the activity, while at the same time investigating how gender influences this participation. In total, 1431 (46.4% female) Spanish adolescents, aged 11–18 years, participated in a two-wave longitudinal study with a time lag of four months. All factors under study predicted involvement in all four sexting behaviors, but the relative importance of the factors differed depending on the behavior, and between boys and girls. Participation in cybergossip and the need for popularity were the two most important factors for girls. For boys, the levels of normalization and willingness to sext mattered most. Our results highlight the importance of including these factors and accounting for gender differences in sexting prevention strategies.
•It is important to differentiate sending, receiving, forwarding and receiving sexts.•Being involved in sexting seems to increase the probability of continuing to engage in it.•Cybergossip and need for popularity are important factors for sexting in girls.•Normalization and willingness to sext have a greater predictive power among boys.
The present study contrasts personal bullying with ethnic-cultural bullying. A representative pluricultural sample from a Spanish adolescent population of Secondary Education took part in the study (
...= 27369). The sample filled in the EBIPQ to measure personal bullying. Additionally, they filled in an adaptation of this questionnaire to measure the ethnic-cultural bullying: the EBIPQ-ECD. The EBIPQ-ECD validation showed optimal psychometric properties and a bidimensional structure: ethnic-cultural victimization and ethnic-cultural aggression. The same roles of participation in personal bullying -aggressor, victim, bully/victim, non-involved- were observed in ethnic-cultural bullying, but they did not coincide with each other in a considerable part. Therefore, we concluded that ethnic-cultural bullying is a different phenomenon from personal bullying, with the possibility of certain dynamism existing between both. To prevent and mitigate ethnic-cultural bullying, educational inferences are proposed. We also recommend the use of the EBIPQ-ECD as a tool to evaluate and detect ethnic-cultural aggressions and victimization.
► School climate and empathy are two relevant predictors of bullying. ► Internet addiction predicts the cyberbullying aggression. ► The lack of control about the personal information online predicts ...cyberbullying victimization. ► Risk factors associated with bullying also predict cyberbullying.
There is certain controversy on whether cyber-bullying is a category of bullying as it appears in a very different scenario away from the schools. The objective of this research has been to know if the variables that predict the involvement of youngsters in traditional bullying are also predictor of the appearance of cyber-bullying. Accordingly, we have looked for the similarities and the differences existing in the involvement on these phenomena. The sample is composed by secondary school pupils (n=893, 45.9% girls; age x¯=13.80, SD=1.47). The results show that there are multiple relations between the predictor variables of school bullying and the specific variables of virtual environments that predict cyber-bullying. It has been obtained a new model that explains both phenomena which could be a strong evidence to base future interventions to prevent and reduce these problems.
The gas–liquid mass transfer coefficient is a key parameter to the design and operation of biotrickling filters that governs the transport rate of contaminants and oxygen from the gas phase to the ...liquid phase, where pollutant biodegradation occurs. Mass transfer coefficients are typically estimated via experimental procedures to produce empirical correlations, which are only valid for the bioreactor configuration and range of operational conditions under investigation. In this work, a new method for the estimation of the gas–liquid mass transfer coefficient in biotrickling filters is presented. This novel methodology couples a realistic description of the packing media (polyurethane foam without a biofilm) obtained using microtomography with computational fluid dynamics. The two-dimensional analysis reported in this study allowed capturing the mechanisms of the complex processes involved in the creeping porous air and water flow in the presence of capillary effects in biotrickling filters. Model predictions matched the experimental mass transfer coefficients (±30%) under a wide range of operational conditions.
Sexting refers to the exchange of sexual content material
technological devices. The definitions of this phenomenon vary greatly, mainly, depending on the types of sexting: primary and secondary. ...Besides the above, there is no common perspective on whether sexting is a risk behavior that entails some type of impact by itself or not and, in such a case, whether this impact varies according to gender. In addition, the need to be popular has shown to be a factor that could increase the probability of being involved in sexting. The present study analyzes the potential emotional impact of sexting as well as the effect of the need for popularity on this phenomenon and if it varies according to gender. The sample comprised 2,356 high school students (46.8% female, 53.2% male; age range 11-18 years old,
= 13.72; SD = 1.31) belonging to 12 compulsory secondary education (ESO) schools from the south of Spain. To assess sexting implication, four questions were presented to participants (sending, receiving, forwarding, and receiving sexts
intermediary). Scales, self-report, about emotional impact (depressed, annoyed, and active) and need for popularity were also applied. The results obtained show that, although sexting has a clear emotional impact on adolescents, it does not appear to generate a negative impact among those involved, at least in the short term. Concretely, this phenomenon seems to trigger emotions related to activation in boys and girls (I feel lively, energetic, satisfied, ready, determined, active). Additionally, with respect to the need for popularity, its relevance, specially, in relation to active emotional impact has been confirmed by the analyses. Statistical models found for boys and girls were similar. In addition, some differences in emotional impact by gender were found, girls feeling more depressed and annoyed in secondary sexting, and boys more active regarding both types of sexting.
The negative effects of traditional bullying and, recently, cyberbullying on victims are well-documented, and abundant empirical evidence for it exists. Cybervictimization affects areas such as ...academic performance, social integration and self-esteem, and causes emotions ranging from anger and sadness to more complex problems such as depression. However, not all victims are equally affected, and the differences seem to be due to certain situational and personal characteristics. The objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between perceived emotional intelligence (PEI) and the emotional impact of cybervictimization. We hypothesize that EI, which has previously been found to play a role in traditional bullying and cyberbullying, may also affect the emotional impact of cyberbullying. The participants in our study were 636 university students from two universities in the south of Spain. Three self-report questionnaires were used: the "European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire," the "Cyberbullying Emotional Impact Scale"; and "Trait Meta-Mood Scale-24." Structural Equation Models were used to test the relationships between the analyzed variables. The results support the idea that PEI, by way of a moderator effect, affects the relationship between cybervictimization and emotional impact. Taken together, cybervictimization and PEI explain much of the variance observed in the emotional impact in general and in the negative dimensions of that impact in particular. Attention and Repair were found to be inversely related to Annoyance and Dejection, and positively related to Invigoration. Clarity has the opposite pattern; a positive relationship with Annoyance and Dejection and an inverse relationship with Invigoration. Various hypothetical explanations of these patterns are discussed.
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