Abstract
This paper presents a thorough investigation into the performance of various multithreading libraries on different hardware configurations utilizing gem5. The study compares the performance ...of commonly-used multithreading libraries, including OpenMP, Pthread, TBB, and Dlib, through several benchmarks representing distinct types of workloads. Key hardware factors that directly affect the performance of each library are identified and analyzed. The research findings provide valuable insights and recommendations for selecting an appropriate multithreading library for a given application and hardware platform. Results indicate that the performance of multithreading libraries is influenced by numerous hardware factors, such as L1 cache size, L1 cache associate, L1 cache replacement policy, number of threads, and memory type. The libraries respond differently to these factors, and the performance variability of each library depends on the nature of the workload. The study offers a detailed analysis and valuable insights into the effects of these hardware factors on each library. This study contributes by presenting a comprehensive comparison of several widely used multithreading libraries across numerous hardware configurations, identifying the key hardware factors that influence the performance of each library, and providing insights and recommendations for selecting an appropriate multithreading library for a given application and hardware platform. Ultimately, the study results can help software developers make informed decisions when selecting a multithreading library and optimizing performance for their applications.
Axonal varicosities are enlarged, heterogeneous structures along axonal shafts, profoundly affecting axonal conduction and synaptic transmission. They represent a key pathological feature believed to ...develop via slow accumulation of axonal damage that occurs during irreversible degeneration, for example in mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and multiple sclerosis. Here this review first discusses recent
results showing that axonal varicosities can be rapidly and reversibly induced by mechanical stress in cultured primary neurons from the central nervous system (CNS). This notion is further supported by
studies revealing the induction of axonal varicosities across various brain regions in different mTBI mouse models, as a prominent feature of axonal pathology. Limited progress in understanding intrinsic and extrinsic regulatory mechanisms of axonal varicosity induction and development is further highlighted. Rapid and reversible formation of axonal varicosities likely plays a key role in CNS neuron mechanosensation and is a new form of neural plasticity. Future investigation in this emerging research field may reveal how to reverse axonal injury, contributing to the development of new strategies for treating brain injuries and related neurodegenerative diseases.
This paper examines the information content of firm-specific sentiment extracted from Twitter messages. We find that Twitter sentiment predicts stock returns without subsequent reversals. This ...finding is consistent with the view that tweets provide information not already reflected in stock prices. We investigate possible sources of return predictability with Twitter sentiment. The results show that Twitter sentiment provides new information about analyst recommendations, analyst price targets and quarterly earnings. This information explains about one third of the predictive ability of Twitter sentiment for stock returns. Taken together, our findings shed new light on whether and why social media content has predictive value for stock returns.
The hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex are interconnected brain regions, playing central roles in higher brain functions, including learning and memory, planning complex cognitive behavior, and ...moderating social behavior. The axons in these regions continue to be myelinated into adulthood in humans, which coincides with maturation of personality and decision-making. Myelin consists of dense layers of lipid membranes wrapping around the axons to provide electrical insulation and trophic support and can profoundly affect neural circuit computation. Recent studies have revealed that long-lasting changes of myelination can be induced in these brain regions by experience, such as social isolation, stress, and alcohol abuse, as well as by neurological and psychiatric abnormalities. However, the mechanism and function of these changes remain poorly understood. Myelin regulation represents a new form of neural plasticity. Some progress has been made to provide new mechanistic insights into activity-independent and activity-dependent regulations of myelination in different experimental systems. More extensive investigations are needed in this important but underexplored research field, in order to shed light on how higher brain functions and myelination interplay in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex.
Excessive alcohol use has adverse effects on the central nervous system (CNS) and can lead to alcohol use disorders (AUDs). Recent studies have suggested that myelin reductions may directly ...contribute to CNS dysfunctions associated with AUDs. Myelin consists of compact lipid membranes wrapped around axons to provide electrical insulation and trophic support. Regulation of myelin is considered as a new form of neural plasticity due to its profound impacts on the computation of neural networks. In this review, the authors first discuss experimental evidence showing how alcohol exposure causes demyelination in different brain regions, often accompanied by deficits in cognition and emotion. Next, they discuss postulated molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying alcohol's impact on myelin. It is clear that more extensive investigations are needed in this important but underexplored research field in order to gain a better understanding of the myelin‐behavior relationship and to develop new treatment strategies for AUDs.
Myelin consists of compact lipid membranes wrapped around axons to provide electrical insulation and trophic support and can be regulated to profoundly alter brain functions. In this review, the authors discuss recent progress regarding how alcohol exposure causes demyelination in different brain regions, accompanied by deficits in cognition and emotion.
Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Taxol Hu, Ya-Jian; Gu, Chen-Chen; Wang, Xin-Feng ...
Journal of the American Chemical Society,
10/2021, Volume:
143, Issue:
42
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Taxol is one of the most famous natural diterpenoids and an important anticancer medicine. Taxol represents a formidable synthetic challenge and has prompted significant interest from the synthetic ...community. However, in all the previous syntheses of Taxol, there have been no reports of closing the desired eight-membered ring through C1–C2 bond formation. Furthermore, the existence of Taxol-resistant tumors and side effects of Taxol make the development of new approaches to synthesize Taxol and its derivatives highly desirable. Here, we report the asymmetric total synthesis of Taxol using a concise approach through 19 isolated intermediates. The synthetically challenging eight-membered ring was constructed efficiently by a diastereoselective intramolecular SmI2-mediated pinacol coupling reaction to form the C1–C2 bond. The unique biomimetic oxygen ene reaction and the newly developed facile tandem C2-benzoate formation and C13 side chain installation improved the efficiency of the synthesis. The mild oxygen ene reaction under light conditions would be an alternative reaction involved in Taxol biosynthesis. This new convergent approach will allow the diverse creation of Taxol derivatives to enable further biological research.
Federated learning (FL) is a promising paradigm for collaboratively training networks on distributed clients while retaining data locally. Recent work has shown that personal data can be recovered ...even though clients only send gradients to the server. To against the gradient leakage issue, differential privacy (DP)-based solutions are proposed to protect data privacy by adding noise to the gradient before sending it to the server. However, the introduced noise affects the training efficiency of local clients, resulting in low model accuracy. Moreover, the identity privacy of clients has not been seriously considered in FL. In this article, we propose FL2DP, a privacy-preserving scheme focusing on protecting the data privacy as well as the identity privacy of clients. Different from the current schemes that add noise sampled from the Gaussian or Laplace distribution, in our scheme the noise is added to the gradient based on the exponential mechanism to achieve high training efficiency. Then, clients upload the perturbed gradients to a shuffler, which reassigns these gradients with different identities. We give a formal privacy definition called gradient indistinguishability to provide strict unlinkability for gradients shuffle. We propose a new gradient shuffling mechanism by adapting the DP-based exponential mechanism to satisfy gradient indistinguishability using the designed utility function. In this case, an attacker cannot infer the real identity of the client via the shuffled gradient. We conduct extensive experiments on two real-world datasets, and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Monodisperse magnetite nanoparticles provide a more factual model to study the interface interactions between the surfactants and magnetic nanoparticles. Monodisperse magnetite nanoparticles of 7 and ...19
nm coated with oleic acid (OA) were prepared by the seed-mediated high temperature thermal decomposition of iron(III) acetylacetonate (Fe(acac)
3) precursor method. Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) reveal that the OA molecules were adsorbed on the magnetic nanoparticles by chemisorption way. Analyses of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) shows the OA provided the particles with better isolation and dispersibility. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measurement results suggest that there were two kinds of different binding energies between the OA molecules and the magnetic nanoparticles. The cover density of OA molecules on the particle surface was significantly various with the size of magnetite nanoparticles. Magnetic measurements of the magnetite nanoparticles show the surface coating reduced the interactions among the nanoparticles.
A photoredox catalyzed trifluoromethyl radical‐triggered trifunctionalization of 5‐hexenenitriles via cyano group migration is reported. The cyano group migration is of high chemo‐selectivity even in ...the presence of aryl or heteroaryl groups as competitors. This protocol provides a facile access to a broad scope of CF3‐containing compounds with high molecular complexity and functional group diversity. The success of gram‐scale reaction and the versatility of products in derivative synthesis illustrate the potential value of this transformation in synthetic chemistry.
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