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•Intestinal oxidative stress depends on the balance of ROS.•The antioxidant defense system protects intestine from oxidative stress damage.•Phytochemicals with health effects could be ...developed to nutritional supplements.
Oxidative stress occurs when there exists an imbalance between the generation and elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS). As inevitable exposure to foreign substances and microbial pathogens, intestine is a key resource of ROS. Disproportionate generation and long-term exposure to ROS lead to various intestinal diseases, such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), enteric infections, ischemic intestinal injury and colorectal cancers. Natural nutrients including vitamins, proteins, fats, minerals and phytochemicals provide numerous evidences that they can protect the health of intestine and alleviate the damage caused by oxidative stress, which can be developed as novel functional foods. This review summarized the recent research progress on the insights of the causes, mechanisms of intestinal oxidative stress and the health intervention effects of nutrients. This review has also given the prospects that the new discovered nutrients with health benefits might be developed as novel functional foods or possible nutraceutical agents.
► Inonotus obliquus is a mushroom used in food preparations. ► Our report on the chemistry and biological activity on I. obliquus extracts and isolates is novel. ► PEF and EAF exhibited effectively ...anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities in vitro. ► Ergosterol peroxide and trametenolic acid were the main bioactive compounds.
Mushroom Inonotus obliquus (I. obliquus) has been used as functional food and traditional Chinese herbs for long time. An efficient method for bioassay-guided preparative isolation was used for identifying the anti-inflammatory and anticancer constituents in I. obliquus. The petroleum ether and ethyl acetate fractions were found to have significant inhibition effects on NO production and NF-κB luciferase activity in macrophage RAW 264.7 cells and cytotoxicity against human prostatic carcinoma cell PC3 and breast carcinoma cell MDA-MB-231. Six main constituents were isolated from these two fractions and they were identified as lanosterol (1), 3β-hydroxy-8,24-dien-21-al (2), ergosterol (3), inotodiol (4), ergosterol peroxide (5) and trametenolic acid (6). Compound ergosterol, ergosterol peroxide and trametenolic acid showed anti-inflammatory activities and ergosterol peroxide and trametenolic acid showed obviously cytotoxicity on human prostatic carcinoma cell PC3 and breast carcinoma MDA-MB-231 cell. The results obtained in this work might contribute to understanding the biological activity of mushroom I. obliquus for food and drug application.
Inonotus obliquus is a kind of mushroom which has long been used as a folk remedy for curing various diseases such as cancers, heart disease and diabetes in Russian and Eastern Europe. ...Polysaccharides are one of the main bioactive constituents of Inonotus obliquus with health functions. Three drying methods, freeze drying, hot air drying and vacuum drying methods were comparatively studied on the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of Inonotus obliquus polysaccharide (IOPS) with chemical methods: gas chromatography, size exclusion chromatography, scanning electron micrograph, 1,1′-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, ferric reducing power assay and lipid peroxidation inhibition assay, respectively. Results showed that physicochemical and antioxidant properties of IOPS differed from each other after the treatment of the three drying methods. Compared with hot air drying and vacuum drying methods, freeze drying method resulted in the properties of IOPS with lower molecular weight distribution, a hyperbranched conformation with triple helix, higher antioxidant abilities on DPPH radical scavenging, ferric-reducing power and lipid peroxidation inhibition activity. Freeze drying was a good choice for the preparation of polysaccharides from Inonotus obliquus and could be used to produce antioxidants for food industry.
► Inonotus obliquus is a kind of mushroom with multiple heath effects. ► Polysaccharide is one of the main bioactive constituents of Inonotus obliquus. ► Three drying methods were comparatively studied on the properties of polysaccharide. ► Higher antioxidant abilities was found in freeze dried polysaccharides. ► Freeze drying method was a good choice for the preparation of polysaccharides.
Polysaccharides are natural biopolymers that have been recognized to be the most promising hosts for the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) because of their outstanding biocompatible and ...biodegradable properties. Polysaccharides are diverse in size and molecular chains, making them suitable for the reduction and stabilization of MNPs. Considerable research has been directed toward investigating polysaccharide-based metallic nanoparticles (PMNPs) through host⁻guest strategy. In this review, approaches of preparation, including top-down and bottom-up approaches, are presented and compared. Different characterization techniques such as scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and small-angle X-ray scattering are discussed in detail. Besides, the applications of PMNPs in the field of wound healing, targeted delivery, biosensing, catalysis and agents with antimicrobial, antiviral and anticancer capabilities are specifically highlighted. The controversial toxicological effects of PMNPs are also discussed. This review can provide significant insights into the utilization of polysaccharides as the hosts to synthesize MPNs and facilitate their further development in synthesis approaches, characterization techniques as well as potential applications.
Black soybean seed coat extract (BSSCE) is a rich source of anthocyanins with multiple health effects. This study was aimed at investigating the composition and hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects ...of BSSCE in vitro and in a high-fat diet and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. The anthocyanins of BSSCE were identified as cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, delphinidin-3-O-glucoside, and peonidin-3-O-glucoside by HPLC-MS. Results demonstrated that BSSCE exhibited strong inhibitory activities for α-amylase, potent inhibition activity against lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells and protection effect on H
O
-induced oxidative stress-damaged HepG2 cells. The food and water intake, body weight loss, blood glucose and insulin level of BSSCE treatment group were found to be significantly reduced when compared with those of diabetic mice group (p < 0.05). The fasting blood glucose level and insulin level of the BSSCE 400 mg kg
group mice significantly decreased by 47.97% and 46.49%, respectively. The oral glucose tolerance and activities of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and catalase (CAT) notably improved (p < 0.05). BSSCE could also ameliorate the atherogenic dyslipidaemia of diabetic mice by remarkably decreasing the content of total cholesterol (T-CHO), total triglyceride (TG), and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and increasing the content of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) (p < 0.05). BSSCE could protect against liver, kidney and pancreas damages in diabetic mice. This study suggested that cyanidin-3-O-glucoside contributed to BSSCE-induced hypoglycemia and hypolipidemia effects in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and BSSCE might be a promising functional food or medicine for T2DM treatment.
The dietary fibers were isolated from Polygonatum odoratum processed by different methods including steam processing (DFPS) and drying in sunshine (DFDS). The physicochemical and functional ...properties of dietary fibers were comparatively studied. Results showed that the fiber extracts from P. odoratum had a high amount of total dietary fiber (TDF) (97.92%–98.40%) and insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) (88.12%–92.90%), which resulted in the high swelling power, water-holding capacity (WHC) and oil-holding capacity (OHC). DFPS displayed significantly higher OHC (24.17g/g) and cation-exchange capacity (CEC) (887.35mequiv/kg) than DFDS (16.48g/g for OHC and 265.46mequiv/kg for CEC, respectively). However, DFDS exhibited significantly higher WHC (23.94g/g) and swelling power (17.54ml/g) in comparison to DFPS fiber (21.14g/g for WHC and 9.81ml/g for swelling power, respectively). The monosaccharide composition of DFDS consisted of arabinose, xylose, sorbose, mannose and galactose with the molecular ratio of 1.00:1.21:9.61:2.41:4.45. The monosaccharide molecular ratio of DFPS was 1.00:1.52:13.86:2.87:5.81. The WHC, SP and OHC of DFPS and DFDS were significantly higher than those of cellulose. P. odoratum might be a good food resource for dietary fiber. Different kinds of processing methods could be selected depending on the purpose of food products.
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► Chemical compositions of dietary fiber from Polygonatum odoratum were first studied. ► Functional properties of dietary fiber from Polygonatum odoratum were first studied. ► Processing procedure affects the chemical compositions and functional properties. ► Polygonatum odoratum is a good food resource for dietary fiber.
In this paper we are concerned with the existence of segregated non-radial solutions for nonlinear Schrödinger systems with a large number of components in a weak fully attractive or repulsive regime ...in presence of a suitable external radial potential.
Three fractions of water-soluble polysaccharide conjugates, coded as TPC-1, TPC-2, and TPC-3, were isolated and purified from low-grade green tea (
Camellia sinensis) by absorbent chromatography and ...ion exchange chromatography. Their chemical and physical characteristics were determined by chemical methods, gas chromatography and size exclusion chromatography with laser light scattering. Deoxyribose assay, photoreduction of Nitro Blue Tetrazolium (NBT) assay and lipid peroxidation inhibition assay were applied to test the antioxidant activities of tea polysaccharide conjugates
in vitro. The results indicated that the three polysaccharide conjugates were heteropolysaccharides bounded with protein. TPC-1 was composed of
l-arabinose (Ara),
d-ribose (Rib),
d-xylose (Xyl),
d-glucose (Glc),
d-galactose (Gal) and
d-mannose (Man). TPC-2 was only composed of four monosaccharides: Ara, Rib, Glc and Man. There was no Man detected in TPC-3. The protein contents of TPC-1, TPC-2, and TPC-3 were 2.8%, 3.8% and 4.0% and the molecular weights were 26.8
×
10
4, 11.8
×
10
4, 4.2
×
10
4, respectively. TPC-3 showed the highest antioxidant activities among the three fractions of polysaccharide conjugates, with an IC
50 of 182
μg/ml for the deoxyribose assay, and 93
μg/ml for the photoreduction of NBT assay, values which were lower than those of TPC-1 and TPC-2 (
P
<
0.01). The effects of the molecular weight and protein content of the polysaccharide conjugates on the improvement of the bioactivities appeared to be significant.
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•IOPS exhibited antihyperglycemic effects and improvement of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic mice.•IOPS exhibited significant antihyperlipidemic effects by improving the ...metabolism of serum lipid profiles in type 2 diabetic mice.•IOPS could protect organ tissues against oxidant damages related to STZ-induced hyperglycemia in mice.•IOPS ameliorated hyperglycemia in diabetic mice through activation of PI3K-Akt signal pathway.
Polysaccharides are the main components of mushroom Inonotus obliquus (I. obliquus) with antihyperglycemic activities. This study was aimed to investigate the anti-diabetic effects and the potential mechanism of I. obliquus polysaccharides (IOPS) in high fat diet and STZ-induced type 2 diabetic mice. Results showed that oral administration of IOPS (900mg/kg) could significantly restore the body and fat mass weight, reduce fasting blood glucose levels, improve glucose tolerance ability, increase hepatic glycogen level and ameliorate insulin resistance compared to those of the control diabetic mice (P<0.01). IOPS (900mg/kg) could enhance the cholesterol transportation in the liver, which was in coincidence with the increased HDL-C levels and decreased TC, TG and LDL-C levels.Treatment of IOPS could significantly improve the antioxidant activities of liver (P<0.05) and alleviate the STZ-lesioned organ tissues (liver, kidney, and pancreas). Further, protein expressions of PI3K-p85, p-Akt (ser473), GLUT4 were up-regulated after IOPS treatment, indicating that the antihyperglycemic mechanism of IOPS might involve in activating PI3K and Akt phosphorylation as well as the translocation of GLUT4 in diabetic mice. The results suggested that IOPS might be a promising functional food or drug candidate for diabetes treatment.
•A new polysaccharide-iron(III) complex (IOPS-iron) was firstly synthesized.•The interaction between IOPS and iron(III) was characterized by physicochemical methods.•The EPR, FTIR, CD, 1HNMR spectra ...of IOPS and IOPS-iron(III) were comparatively characterized.•IOPS-iron(III) showed good availability and antioxidant activities in vitro.
A new Inonotus obliquus polysaccharide-iron(III) complex (IOPS-iron) was synthesized and characterized. The preparation conditions of IOPS-iron(III) were optimized and the physicochemical properties were characterized by physicochemical methods, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, respectively. The highest iron content of IOPS-iron(III) complex (19.40%) was obtained at the conditions: the ratio of IOPS and FeCl3•6H2O was 3:5 (w/w), the pH value of alkali solution was 10, the reaction temperature was 30°C and the reaction time was 6h. The iron(III) was shown to be bound through the binding sites of the polysaccharide IOPS and it could form spatially separated iron centers on the polysaccharide backbone. IOPS-iron(III) complex was found to have good digestive availability and antioxidant activities in the in vitro assays, which suggested the IOPS-iron(III) complex might be used as a new iron supplement candidate.
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