The quark model was formulated in 1964 to classify mesons as bound states made of a quark–antiquark pair, and baryons as bound states made of three quarks. For a long time all known mesons and ...baryons could be classified within this scheme. Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), however, in principle also allows the existence of more complex structures, generically called exotic hadrons or simply exotics. These include four-quark hadrons (tetraquarks and hadronic molecules), five-quark hadrons (pentaquarks) and states with active gluonic degrees of freedom (hybrids), and even states of pure glue (glueballs). Exotic hadrons have been systematically searched for in numerous experiments for many years. Remarkably, in the past fifteen years, many new hadrons that do not exhibit the expected properties of ordinary (not exotic) hadrons have been discovered in the quarkonium spectrum. These hadrons are collectively known as XYZ states. Some of them, like the charged states, are undoubtedly exotic. Parallel to the experimental progress, the last decades have also witnessed an enormous theoretical effort to reach a theoretical understanding of the XYZ states. Theoretical approaches include not only phenomenological extensions of the quark model to exotics, but also modern non-relativistic effective field theories and lattice QCD calculations. The present work aims at reviewing the rapid progress in the field of exotic XYZ hadrons over the past few years both in experiments and theory. It concludes with a summary on future prospects and challenges.
A lattice Boltzmann model for the liquid–vapor phase change heat transfer is proposed in this paper. Two particle distribution functions, namely the density distribution function and the temperature ...distribution function, are used in this model. A new form of the source term in the energy equation is derived and the modified pseudo-potential model is used in the proposed model to improve its numerical stability. The commonly used Peng–Robinson equation of state is incorporated into the proposed model. The problem of bubble growth and departure from a horizontal surface is solved numerically based on the proposed model.
As a promising therapeutic strategy, oncolytic virotherapy has shown potent anticancer efficacy in numerous pre-clinical and clinical trials. Oncolytic viruses have the capacity for ...conditional-replication within carcinoma cells leading to cell death via multiple mechanisms, including direct lysis of neoplasms, induction of immunogenic cell death, and elicitation of innate and adaptive immunity. In addition, these viruses can be engineered to express cytokines or chemokines to alter tumor microenvironments. Combination of oncolytic virotherapy with other antitumor therapeutic modalities, such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy as well as cancer immunotherapy can be used to target a wider range of tumors and promote therapeutic efficacy. In this review, we outline the basic biological characteristics of oncolytic viruses and the underlying mechanisms that support their use as promising antitumor drugs. We also describe the enhanced efficacy attributed to virotherapy combined with other drugs for the treatment of cancer.
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is featured with inflammation and extensive lung remodeling caused by overloaded deposition of extracellular matrix. Scutellarin is the major effective ingredient ...of breviscapine and its anti-inflammation efficacy has been reported before. Nevertheless, the impact of scutellarin on IPF and the downstream molecular mechanism remain unclear. In this study, scutellarin suppressed BLM-induced inflammation via NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway both in vivo and in vitro. BLM significantly elevated p-p65/p65 ratio, IκBα degradation, and levels of NLRP3, caspase-1, caspase-11, ASC, GSDMD
, IL-1β, and IL-18, while scutellarin reversed the above alterations except for that of caspase-11. Scutellarin inhibited BLM-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process in vivo and in vitro. The expression levels of EMT-related markers, including fibronectin, vimentin, N-cadherin, matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9, were increased in BLM group, and suppressed by scutellarin. The expression level of E-cadherin showed the opposite changes. However, overexpression of NLRP3 eliminated the anti-inflammation and anti-EMT functions of scutellarin in vitro. In conclusion, scutellarin suppressed inflammation and EMT in BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis through NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling.
Effects of heater's thermal properties and vapor phase's thermal conductivity on saturated pool boiling above a large horizontal heater are simulated numerically based on an improved pseudo-potential ...liquid-vapor phase change lattice Boltzmann model. A transient conjugate heat transfer problem is under consideration, where the conjugate thermal boundary condition is imposed and heater's thermal responses during boiling processes are investigated. Saturated pool boiling curves from onset of nucleate boiling to critical heat flux (CHF), to transition boiling regime to stable film boiling regime are obtained numerically. It is found that the simulated critical heat flux (CHF) agrees reasonably well with existing analytical models. Also, the simulated boiling heat fluxes in stable film boiling regime are shown to be in good agreement with the existing analytical solution. Thus, this improved pseudo-potential liquid-vapor phase change lattice Boltzmann model is quantitatively validated. Simulation results demonstrate that there is significant maldistribution in temperature distribution near the top of heater surface in nucleate boiling regime, CHF point and transition boiling regime. As a result, two-dimensional heat conduction can not be ignored when evaluating heat flux closely beneath the heater's top surface. It is also shown that both heater's thermal conductivity and thermal mass (the product of density and specific heat at constant pressure) have no effect on CHF value as well as the boiling curve in nucleate boiling regime and film boiling regime for a thick heater. However, the transition boiling regime of the boiling curve moves to the left with the increasing heater thermal conductivity and heater thermal mass for a thick heater. Increasing the vapor theraml conductivity has no effect on CHF but would increase boiling heat flux in film boiling regime, and hence shortening the transition boiling regime.
•A multi-component triple-phase LBM is developed, which is capable of simulating air being a compressible fluid.•The air entrapment in a molten droplet impact and solidification on a colder surface ...is first simulated.•The mechanism of air entrapment is illustrated.•The effect of the solid surface’s wettability on the formation of trapped air bubbles is demonstrated.
In this paper, a novel 3D lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is proposed for simulating a molten droplet impacting and solidifying on a cold smooth substrate surrounded by air. The numerical simulation shows that a small pocket of air is entrapped in the molten droplet adjacent to the cold surface after its impact on the surface. And this trapped air creates a thermal resistance between the droplet and the substrate. It is demonstrated that the no-slip velocity of the air on the solid surface prevents the air being squeezed out completely, and the air gap between the droplet and the substrate is compressed by the falling droplet. The compressed air results in the first contact away from the impact center and an air film is trapped within the droplet. This trapped air pocket eventually forms multiple air bubbles or a single air bubble depending on the surface wettability. Although droplet solidification has an important effect on the number of multiple air bubbles trapped on a surface having a small contact angle, it does not affect the size of the single air bubble trapped on a surface having a large contact angle. Maximum spread factors and dimensionless bubble heights obtained from simulation match well with theoretical values in the literature, validating the accuracy of this numerical model.
The nonlocal symmetries for the
(
2
+
1
)
-dimensional Konopelchenko–Dubrovsky equation are obtained with the truncated Painlevé method and the Möbious (conformal) invariant form. The nonlocal ...symmetries are localized to the Lie point symmetries by introducing auxiliary dependent variables. The finite symmetry transformations are obtained by solving the initial value problem of the prolonged systems. The multi-solitary wave solution is presented with the finite symmetry transformations of a trivial solution. In the meanwhile, symmetry reductions in the enlarged systems are studied by the Lie point symmetry approach. Many explicit interaction solutions between solitons and cnoidal periodic waves are discussed both in analytical and in graphical ways.
•Boiling curves under controlled T and q conditions are simulated.•Boiling hysteresis under increasing and decreasing T and q is found.•Simulation results are confirmed by the comparisons.
Mesoscale ...simulations for pool boiling curves and boiling hysteresis on hydrophilic/hydrophobic surfaces, under constant wall temperature/constant wall heat flux conditions, are presented in this paper. It is found that simulated boiling curves in dimensionless form under these two different heating modes are identical in nucleate boiling and film boiling regimes, and they differ only in the transition boiling regime. Saturated temperatures have relatively small effects on boiling curves up to the fully-developed nucleate boiling regime, but have pronounced effects on critical heat flux and on film boiling. Boiling hysteresis between increasing heating and decreasing heating are also simulated numerically. It is confirmed numerically that boiling hysteresis exists in transition boiling regime for both hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces under controlled wall heat flux conditions. Under controlled wall temperature conditions, however, boiling hysteresis exists only on a hydrophobic surface during decreasing heat flux but no boiling hysteresis exists on a hydrophilic surface. Rohsenow’s classical correlation equation for nucleate boiling heat transfer matches well with simulated nucleate boiling heat transfer results for smooth horizontal superheated surfaces. Simulated critical heat fluxes are in qualitative agreement with those predicted by Zuber’s hydrodynamic model and by Kandlikar’s analytical model.
Prevention and management of lung cancer in China Hong, Qun‐Ying; Wu, Guo-Ming; Qian, Gui‐Sheng ...
Cancer,
September 1, 2015, 2015-Sep-01, 2015-09-00, 20150901, Volume:
121, Issue:
S17
Journal Article
The existing approaches that deal with undesirable outputs tend to either increase the efficiency scores of DMUs or keep the efficiency scores constant and do not allow undesirable outputs to achieve ...the opposite effect on the efficiency scores, which is inconsistent with the characteristics of undesirable outputs. To solve this problem, You and Yan proposed a new ratio model to allocate penalty coefficients for the undesirable outputs according to their economic costs, but there are differences of magnitude and dimension in various undesirable outputs under practical applications. Therefore, this study uses common weights instead of the penalty coefficients in the original method to obtain the aggregate weights of undesirable outputs. We propose two new models to calculate the aggregate weights of undesirable outputs and illustrate the methods using data given by You and Yan on China's textile industry. The results reveal that our approaches can generally reduce the efficiency scores of DMUs after considering undesirable outputs and are more significant than other methods available.
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