Abstract
Recent advances in nanomaterials and nano-microfabrication have enabled the development of flexible wearable electronics. However, existing manufacturing methods still rely on a multi-step, ...error-prone complex process that requires a costly cleanroom facility. Here, we report a new class of additive nanomanufacturing of functional materials that enables a wireless, multilayered, seamlessly interconnected, and flexible hybrid electronic system. All-printed electronics, incorporating machine learning, offers multi-class and versatile human-machine interfaces. One of the key technological advancements is the use of a functionalized conductive graphene with enhanced biocompatibility, anti-oxidation, and solderability, which allows a wireless flexible circuit. The high-aspect ratio graphene offers gel-free, high-fidelity recording of muscle activities. The performance of the printed electronics is demonstrated by using real-time control of external systems via electromyograms. Anatomical study with deep learning-embedded electrophysiology mapping allows for an optimal selection of three channels to capture all finger motions with an accuracy of about 99% for seven classes.
Indigo is one of the oldest known dyes and is a major component of dyes used for coloring jeans their classical blue hue. Traditionally, indigo was extracted from indigo-producing plants, but ...synthetic indigo has been in use since the development of efficient chemical syntheses, and presently, various indigo isomers and derivatives can be readily synthesized. Indigo can undergo an electron transfer accompanied by a distinct color change, due to a redox reaction made possible by its chemical structure and intramolecular organization. In addition, it exhibits excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability. Its versatile functionality has inspired extensive research into indigo-derived chemicals for various applications over the past few decades. This review provides an overview of the recent indigoid applications in medical, cosmetic, and food industries, as well as in the manufacture of functional fibers, polymers, semiconductors, and sensors. This study also addresses the limitations of indigo applications, including those related to natural indigo, eco-friendly bio-dyes, and chemo-indigo.
•Recent progresses in the synthesis of bio-indigoids and their end-use applications.•Overview of various indigoids synthetic engineering.•Functional textile dyeing and functional polymer synthesis of indigoids.•Indigoid applications chemical sensors, solar cells, transistors, and medical.
Indigo is one of the most commonly used dyes worldwide. However, indigo dyeing technology and physicochemical treatment processes have generated potentially hazardous by-products and sludge, causing ...serious environmental pollution. Among indigo-treating technologies, biological treatments using a “green” catalysts of laccase and oxidase enzymes have been spotlighted. This review comprehensively assessed the whole cell-based discoloration and in vitro enzyme treatment of indigo (carmine) and process engineering, including enzyme immobilization and aggregation, for indigo degradation. Although both have various advantages, effective process design to obtain desirable biomass and enzyme production strategy with cost-effective manner should be considered for indigoids treatment. In addition, the supply of electron mediators and the removal of unexpected byproducts by the laccase should also be considered throughout the whole process. Therefore, further researches on enzyme and process engineering such as chemo-enzymatic process to obtain the desired performances at the industrial level were suggested.
•Recent progresses in degradation of indigo dyes by biological processes.•Overview of various microbial degradation of indigo dyes.•Enzymatic degradation and discoloration of indigo dyes and their activities.•Enzyme immobilization for indigo dyes degradation.•Future perspectives for degradation and discoloration of indigo dyes.
The rapid and sensitive classification of bacteria is the first step of bacterial community research and the treatment of infection. Herein, a fluorescent probe BacGO is presented, which shows the ...best universal selectivity for Gram‐positive bacteria among known probes with a minimum staining procedure for sample detection and enrichment of the live bacteria. BacGO could also be used to assess of the Gram status in the bacterial community from wastewater sludge. Furthermore, BacGO could sensitively and selectively detect a Gram‐positive bacterial infection, not only in vitro but also using an in vivo keratitis mouse model. BacGO provides an unprecedented research tool for the study of dynamic bacterial communities and for clinical application.
BacGO, a novel Gram‐positive bacterial probe, was developed from a library of fluorescent molecules with a boronic‐acid motif that binds to peptidoglycan on the Gram‐positive bacterial cell wall. BacGO can be used to identify Gram‐positive bacteria in diverse, highly complex samples, and is an attractive alternative to Gram staining.
The cuticles of insects and marine crustaceans are fascinating models for man‐made advanced functional composites. The excellent mechanical properties of these biological structures rest on the ...exquisite self‐assembly of natural ingredients, such as biominerals, polysaccharides, and proteins. Among them, the two commonly found building blocks in the model biocomposites are chitin nanofibers and silk‐like proteins with β‐sheet structure. Despite being wholly organic, the chitinous protein complex plays a key role for the biocomposites by contributing to the overall mechanical robustness and structural integrity. Moreover, the chitinous protein complex alone without biominerals is optically transparent (e.g., dragonfly wings), thereby making it a brilliant model material system for engineering applications where optical transparency is essentially required. Here, inspired by the chitinous protein complex of arthropods cuticles, an optically transparent biomimetic composite that hybridizes chitin nanofibers and silk fibroin (β‐sheet) is introduced, and its potential as a biocompatible structural platform for emerging wearable devices (e.g., smart contact lenses) and advanced displays (e.g., transparent plastic cover window) is demonstrated.
An optically transparent biomimetic hybrid material consisting of chitin nanofibers and silk fibroin is reported and its use as a biocompatible structural platform for emerging wearable devices (e.g., smart contact lenses) and advanced electronics (e.g., display cover window) is demonstrated.
Display omitted
•PHA production from biowaste is an economic and ecofriendly approach.•Microbes are able to recover resource from waste and produce PHA.•C, N, P and dissolved oxygen are the main ...factors that affect PHA production.•The downstream process has a big impact on whole cost of PHA production.•Functionalization of PHA has potential to improve their applications.
Biowaste management is a challenging job as it is high in nutrient content and its disposal in open may cause a serious environmental and health risk. Traditional technologies such as landfill, bio-composting, and incineration are used for biowaste management. To gain revenue from biowaste researchers around the world focusing on the integration of biowaste management with other commercial products such as volatile fatty acids (VFA), biohydrogen, and bioplastic (polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)), etc. PHA production from various biowastes such as lignocellulosic biomass, municipal waste, waste cooking oils, biodiesel industry waste, and syngas has been reported successfully. Various nutrient factors i.e., carbon and nitrogen source concentration and availability of dissolved oxygen are crucial factors for PHA production. This review is an attempt to summarize the recent advancements in PHA production from various biowaste, its downstream processing, and other challenges that need to overcome making bioplastic an alternate for synthetic plastic.
Inflammation caused by the excessive secretion of inflammatory mediators in abnormally activated macrophages promotes many diseases along with oxidative stress. Loganin, a major iridoid glycoside ...isolated from Cornus officinalis, has recently been reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, whereas the underlying mechanism has not yet been fully clarified. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of loganin on inflammation and oxidative stress in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Our results indicated that loganin treatment markedly attenuated the LPS-mediated phagocytic activity and release of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2, which was associated with decreased the expression of inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2. In addition, loganin suppressed the expression and their extracellular secretion of LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β. Furthermore, loganin abolished reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and promoted the activation of nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in LPS-stimulated macrophages. However, zinc protoporphyrin, a selective HO-1 inhibitor, reversed the loganin-mediated suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in LPS-treated macrophages. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the upregulation of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway is concerned at least in the protective effect of loganin against LPS-mediated inflammatory and oxidative stress, and that loganin can be a potential functional agent to prevent inflammatory and oxidative damage.
Angiogenesis is regulated by the dynamic interaction between endothelial cells (ECs). Hippo-Yes-associated protein (YAP) signalling has emerged as a key pathway that controls organ size and tissue ...growth by mediating cell contact inhibition. However, the role of YAP in EC has not been defined yet. Here, we show expression of YAP in the developing front of mouse retinal vessels. YAP subcellular localization, phosphorylation and activity are regulated by VE-cadherin-mediated-EC contacts. This VE-cadherin-dependent YAP phosphorylation requires phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Akt activation. We further identify angiopoietin-2 (ANG-2) as a potential transcriptional target of YAP in regulating angiogenic activity of EC in vitro and in vivo. Overexpression of YAP-active form in EC enhances angiogenic sprouting, and this effect is blocked by ANG-2 depletion or soluble Tie-2 treatment. These findings implicate YAP as a critical regulator in angiogenesis and provide new insights into the mechanism coordinating junctional stability and angiogenic activation of ECs.
Melanin is one of the most abundant pigments found in the biosphere. Owing to its high biocompatibility and diverse biological activities, it has been widely applied as a functional biomaterial in ...the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, biopolymer, and environmental fields. In this study, the production of melanin was comprehensively reviewed concerning bioconversion and isolation processes. First, several melanogenic microbes, including fungi and bacteria, were summarized. Melanin production was classified by host and melanin type and was analyzed by titers in g/L in addition to reaction conditions, including pH and temperature. The production was further interpreted using a space-time yields chart, which showed two distinct classifications in productivity, and reaction conditions were analyzed using a pH-temperature-titer chart. Next, the extraction process was summarized by crude and pure melanin preparation procedures, and the extraction yields were highlighted. Finally, the recent applications of melanin were briefly summarized, and prospects for further application and development in industrial applications were suggested.
Detecting earthquakes using smartphones or IoT devices in real-time is an arduous and challenging task, not only because it is constrained with the hard real-time issue but also due to the similarity ...of earthquake signals and the non-earthquake signals (i.e., noise or other activities). Moreover, the variety of human activities also makes it more difficult when a smartphone is used as an earthquake detecting sensor. To that end, in this article, we leverage a machine learning technique with earthquake features rather than traditional seismic methods. First, we split the detection task into two categories including static environment and dynamic environment. Then, we experimentally evaluate different features and propose the most appropriate machine learning model and features for the static environment to tackle the issue of noisy components and detect earthquakes in real-time with less false alarm rates. The experimental result of the proposed model shows promising results not only on the given dataset but also on the unseen data pointing to the generalization characteristics of the model. Finally, we demonstrate that the proposed model can be also used in the dynamic environment if it is trained with different dataset.
PDF
