Key points
Here we show that glial gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) is produced by monoamine oxidase B (MAOB), utilizing a polyamine, putrescine.
The concentration of GABA in Bergmann glial cells is ...estimated to be around 5–10 mM.
General gene silencing of MAOB resulted in elimination of tonic GABA currents recorded from granule cells in the cerebellum and medium spiny neurons (MSN) in the striatum.
Glial‐specific rescue of MAOB resulted in complete restoration of tonic GABA currents.
Our results identify MAOB as a synthesizing enzyme of glial GABA, which is released to mediate tonic inhibition in the cerebellum and striatum.
GABA is the major inhibitory transmitter in the brain and is released not only from a subset of neurons but also from glia. Although neuronal GABA is well known to be synthesized by glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the source of glial GABA is unknown. After estimating the concentration of GABA in Bergmann glia to be around 5–10 mm by immunogold electron microscopy, we demonstrate that GABA production in glia requires MAOB, a key enzyme in the putrescine degradation pathway. In cultured cerebellar glia, both Ca2+‐induced and tonic GABA release are significantly reduced by both gene silencing of MAOB and the MAOB inhibitor selegiline. In the cerebellum and striatum of adult mice, general gene silencing, knock out of MAOB or selegiline treatment resulted in elimination of tonic GABA currents recorded from granule neurons and medium spiny neurons. Glial‐specific rescue of MAOB resulted in complete rescue of tonic GABA currents. Our results identify MAOB as a key synthesizing enzyme of glial GABA, which is released via bestrophin 1 (Best1) channel to mediate tonic inhibition in the brain.
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), memory impairment is the most prominent feature that afflicts patients and their families. Although reactive astrocytes have been observed around amyloid plaques since ...the disease was first described, their role in memory impairment has been poorly understood. Here, we show that reactive astrocytes aberrantly and abundantly produce the inhibitory gliotransmitter GABA by monoamine oxidase-B (Maob) and abnormally release GABA through the bestrophin 1 channel. In the dentate gyrus of mouse models of AD, the released GABA reduces spike probability of granule cells by acting on presynaptic GABA receptors. Suppressing GABA production or release from reactive astrocytes fully restores the impaired spike probability, synaptic plasticity, and learning and memory in the mice. In the postmortem brain of individuals with AD, astrocytic GABA and MAOB are significantly upregulated. We propose that selective inhibition of astrocytic GABA synthesis or release may serve as an effective therapeutic strategy for treating memory impairment in AD.
Tree detection and fuel amount and distribution estimation are crucial for the investigation and risk assessment of wildfires. The demand for risk assessment is increasing due to the escalating ...severity of wildfires. A quick and cost-effective method is required to mitigate foreseeable disasters. In this study, a method for tree detection and fuel amount and distribution prediction using aerial images was proposed for a low-cost and efficient acquisition of fuel information. Three-dimensional (3D) fuel information (height) from light detection and ranging (LiDAR) was matched to two-dimensional (2D) fuel information (crown width) from aerial photographs to establish a statistical prediction model in northeastern South Korea. Quantile regression for 0.05, 0.5, and 0.95 quantiles was performed. Subsequently, an allometric tree model was used to predict the diameter at the breast height. The performance of the prediction model was validated using physically measured data by laser distance meter triangulation and direct measurement from a field survey. The predicted quantile, 0.5, was adequately matched to the measured quantile, 0.5, and most of the measured values lied within the predicted quantiles, 0.05 and 0.95. Therefore, in the developed prediction model, only 2D images were required to predict a few of the 3D fuel details. The proposed method can significantly reduce the cost and duration of data acquisition for the investigation and risk assessment of wildfires.
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the corresponding lockdown have drastically changed our lives and led to high psychological distress and mental health problems. This study ...examined whether psychological factors such as loneliness, perfectionism, and health anxiety are associated with COVID-19 related anxiety and depression during the pandemic in young Korean adults, after controlling for various socio-demographic factors and early life stress.
A total of 189 participants (58.2% women) completed a cross-sectional online survey including the Fear of COVID-19 Scale, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, 3-item Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale, Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, and Whiteley Index-6. Hierarchical linear regression analyses with three blocks were employed to identify the factors that contributed to COVID-19 related anxiety and depressive symptoms.
Hierarchical regression analyses showed that higher health anxiety was significantly associated with more severe COVID-19 related anxiety (standardized regression coefficient, β = 0.599, p < 0.001). Additionally, higher levels of loneliness (β = 0.482, p < 0.001), perfectionism (β = 0.124, p = 0.035), and health anxiety (β = 0.228, p < 0.001) were significantly associated with higher depression scores. The three psychological factors explained 32.8% of the total variance in depressive symptom scores, after taking all covariates into account.
The results showed that health anxiety was a risk factor for both COVID-19 related anxiety and depression in young adults. Loneliness was the strongest predictor of depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. These findings highlight the importance of identifying vulnerable individuals and encouraging psychological counselling and social connections to reduce the burden of psychiatric disorders during the pandemic.
The use of 3D food printing as an alternative to manufacturing customized food is gaining popularity. In this study, functional powders of guava leaf (GL), green tea (GT), and barley sprouts (BS) ...were tested as edible ink ingredients for printing cheesecake, and their physicochemical and functional properties were evaluated. Particle size and water and oil holding capacities were highest in GL powder, whereas the water-soluble index was highest in BS. In functional powder-added cheesecake, pseudoplastic and shear-thinning behavior was observed which is ideal for 3D printing. The shear modulus (1.87 kPa) of the control cheesecake (without functional powder) was significantly increased to 5 kPa or higher by adding functional powder. The in vitro glycemic index was lowest in GL cheesecake, whereas antioxidant activity and polyphenol content were highest in GT cheesecake. GL and GT powders would be beneficial as an edible ink to improve functional properties, such as antioxidant activity for GT and blood-glucose-lowering effect for BS, with enhanced printability and textural stability of 3D printed cheesecake.
•3D-printable cheesecake was formulated with guava leaf, green tea and barley sprout powders.•The morphological properties of the powders influenced the rheology of the cheesecake.•The addition of green tea yielded the best printing accuracy and physiological activity.
Most anesthetics reduce cardiac functions and lower blood pressure (BP), potentially causing excessive BP reduction in dehydrated patients or those with heart conditions, such as coronary artery ...disease (CAD). Considering the increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease with age, anesthesiologists must be cautious about BP reduction during general anesthesia in older adults. In the present case, a 76-year-old male patient with undiagnosed CAD in a hypovolemic state experienced a significant drop in systolic BP to the fifties during propofol and sevoflurane anesthesia. Despite the use of vasopressors, excessive hypotension persisted, leading to anesthesia suspension. Subsequent cardiac examinations, including computed tomography heart angio and calcium score, and coronary angiogram, revealed a near total occlusion of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery (pLAD) and the formation of collateral circulation. After 5 days of hydration and anticoagulation medications and confirmation of normovolemic state, general anesthesia was attempted again and successfully induced; a normal BP was maintained throughout the surgery. Thus, it is important to conduct a thorough cardiac evaluation and maintain normovolemia for general anesthesia in older adults.
The present study investigated the effects of jasmonic acid (JA), chitosan, and salicylic acid (SA) on the accumulation of phenolic compounds in germinated buckwheat. A total of six phenolics were ...detected in the buckwheat treated with different concentrations of SA (50, 100, and 150 mg/L), JA (50, 100, and 150 μM), and chitosan (0.01, 0.1, and 0.5%) using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The treatment with 0.1% chitosan resulted in an accumulation of the highest levels of phenolic compounds as compared with the control and the 0.01 and 0.5% chitosan treatments. The treatment with 150 μM JA enhanced the levels of phenolics in buckwheat sprouts as compared with those observed in the control and the 50 and 100 μM JA-treated sprouts. However, the SA treatment did not affect the production of phenolic compounds. After optimizing the treatment concentrations of elicitors (chitosan and JA), a time-course analysis of the phenolic compounds detected in the germinated buckwheat treated with 0.1% chitosan and 150 μM JA was performed. Buckwheat treated with 0.1% chitosan for 72 h showed higher levels of phenolic compounds than all control samples. Similarly, the germinated buckwheat treated with JA for 48 and 72 h produced higher amounts of phenolic compounds than all control samples. This study elucidates the influence of SA, JA, and chitosan on the production of phenolic compounds and suggests that the treatment with optimal concentrations of chitosan and JA for an optimal time period improved the production of phenolic compounds in germinated buckwheat.
국내 지역별 전통 대두발효식품의 비타민 B12 분포 박예은(Ye-Eun Park); 곽유정(Yu-Jeong Gwak); 김정(Jeong Kim) ...
Han'guk Sikp'um Yŏngyang Kwahakhoe chi,
2022, 2022-01, Volume:
51, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
본 연구에서는 국내 지역별로 제조된 한국 전통 장류인 된장, 간장 및 고추장을 지역별로 수거하여 비타민 B12 함량을 분석하고 시료 간 차이를 지역별 및 제품별로 비교 분석하였다. 또한, 데이터의 신뢰성 확보를 위해 비타민 B12 분석에 사용된 immunoaffinity-HPLC법을 검증하고 모든 분석에 대한 분석품질관리를 실시하였다. 분석법 검증은 ...LOD, LOQ, 직선성, 특이성, 정밀성 및 정확성을 평가하여 검증하였으며, 모든 지표에서 국제 가이드라인에서 제시하고 있는 수용 범위에 적합한 값을 얻어 분석법의 적합성을 확인하였다. 지역별 전통 장류의 비타민 B12 분석 결과, 된장 0.04~ 0.50 µg/100 g, 고추장 0.03~0.15 µg/100 g, 간장 0.02~ 0.80 µg/100 g의 범위를 나타내어 발효기간이 가장 긴 간장이 지역별 가장 넓은 비타민 B12 분포 범위를 나타냈다. 일부 지역은 발효 제품 간 비타민 B12 함량 분포가 넓게 나타났다. 본 연구 결과는 분석법 검증과 분석품질관리를 수행하여 국내 전통 장류의 비타민 B12에 대한 신뢰성이 확보된 분석 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 비타민 B12는 발효 미생물에 의해 합성되는 수용성 비타민으로 지역별 제조 방법에 따른 차이가 최종 제품의 비타민 B12 함량에 유의적으로 영향을 미치는 것으로 보이며, 간장, 된장 및 고추장과 같은 발효제품의 특성에 따라서도 유의적인 차이를 나타내는 것으로 확인되었다. 총 21종의 장류에 대한 비타민 B12의 분석 결과는 농진청에서 발간하는 국가표준식품성분표 개정을 위한 데이터로 활용될 수 있으며, 향후 국내 장류의 유용성분 증진 및 산업화를 위한 기초 데이터로도 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. This study was performed to investigate the variation in the vitamin B12 levels of traditional fermented soy foods (Doenjang, Kochujang, and soy sauce) prepared in the seven provinces of Korea. A total of 21 composite samples (3 food types×7 regions) for vitamin B12 analysis were prepared from the 4 samples collected from each food type and region. To assure the reliability of the analytical data, analytical method validation and quality control were also carried out. Immunoaffinity-HPLC for vitamin B12 analysis showed good accuracy (recovery≥ 93.5%) and precision (coefficient variations≤ 4.1%). The limits of detection and quantification of vitamin B12 analysis were 0.003 μg/100 g and 0.009 μg/100 g, respectively. The vitamin B12 content of traditional fermented soy food varied significantly depending on the type of fermented soy food and the region in which it was prepared (P<0.05). The vitamin B12 content of 21 traditional fermented soy foods was between 0.04∼0.50 μg/100 g for Doenjang, 0.03∼0.15 μg/100 g for Kochujang, and 0.02∼0.80 μg/100 g for soy sauce. It was highest in the A, D, and E provinces for Doenjang, Kochujang, and soy sauce, respectively. Specifically, the soy sauce from the E province showed the highest vitamin B12 content (0.80 μg/100 g) among the 21 samples. The variation in the vitamin B12 levels among fermented samples was relatively wide in A (0.68 μg/100 g) and E (0.71 μg/100 g) provinces compared to the other regions (0.05∼0.10 μg/100 g). This study, based on reliable analytical method validation and quality control performance, showed that the variations in vitamin B12 content of traditional fermented soy food were affected by the food type and region of preparation. KCI Citation Count: 2
The discovery of a new species exhibiting more effective antibacterial properties is necessary because of the demand on
species, which continues to increase in a variety of industries.
might be a ...good alternative, as it exhibits strong antibacterial activity. In this study, the chemical composition of the essential oils from different organs (flowers, leaves, stems, and roots) of
was identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activities of different solvent extracts (methanol, ethanol, diethyl ether, hexane, and ethyl acetate) and different organ (flower, leaf, stem, and root) extracts of
were evaluated. Only the ethyl acetate extracts of
exhibited antibacterial activity against all bacterial strains tested, including
,
(KF 918342),
(KCTC 12487),
(ATCC 35150),
(ATCC 29544), and
(KACC 15136). In particular, the extracts exhibited significant activity against
Ethyl acetate extract of the leaf exhibited the best activity against all bacterial strains. This study provides valuable information on the chemical compositions in essential oils and antimicrobial properties of
.
Astrocytes and neurons are inseparable partners in the brain. Neurotransmitters released from neurons activate corresponding G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) expressed in astrocytes, resulting in ...release of gliotransmitters such as glutamate, D-serine, and ATP. These gliotransmitters in turn influence neuronal excitability and synaptic activities. Among these gliotransmitters, ATP regulates the level of network excitability and is critically involved in sleep homeostasis and astrocytic Ca
2+
oscillations. ATP is known to be released from astrocytes by Ca
2+
-dependent manner. However, the precise source of Ca
2+
, whether it is Ca
2+
entry from outside of cell or from the intracellular store, is still not clear yet. Here, we performed sniffer patch to detect ATP release from astrocyte by using various stimulation. We found that ATP was not released from astrocyte when Ca
2+
was released from intracellular stores by activation of Gα
q
-coupled GPCR including PAR1, P2YR, and B2R. More importantly, mechanical stimulation (MS)-induced ATP release from astrocyte was eliminated when external Ca
2+
was omitted. Our results suggest that Ca
2+
entry, but not release from intracellular Ca
2+
store, is critical for MS-induced ATP release from astrocyte.
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