Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are tissue-resident stromal cells capable of modulating immune responses, including leukocyte recruitment by endothelial cells (EC). However, the comparative potency ...of MSC from different sources in suppressing recruitment, and the necessity for close contact with endothelium remain uncertain, although these factors have implications for use of MSC in therapy. We thus compared the effects of MSC isolated from bone marrow, Wharton's jelly, and trabecular bone on neutrophil recruitment to cytokine-stimulated EC, using co-culture models with different degrees of proximity between MSC and EC. All types of MSC suppressed neutrophil adhesion to inflamed endothelium but not neutrophil transmigration, whether directly incorporated into endothelial monolayers or separated from them by thin micropore filters. Further increase in the separation of the two cell types tended to reduce efficacy, although this diminution was least for the bone marrow MSC. Immuno-protective effects of MSC were also diminished with repeated passage; with BMMSC, but not WJMSC, completing losing their suppressive effect by passage 7. Conditioned media from all co-cultures suppressed neutrophil recruitment, and IL-6 was identified as a common bioactive mediator. These results suggest endogenous MSC have a homeostatic role in limiting inflammatory leukocyte infiltration in a range of tissues. Since released soluble mediators might have effects locally or remotely, infusion of MSC into blood or direct injection into target organs might be efficacious, but in either case, cross-talk between EC and MSC appears necessary.
Summary Background Previous analyses of the International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT) cohort have reported on the risks of recurrent subarachnoid haemorrhage and death or dependency for a ...minimum of 5 years and up to a maximum of 14 years after treatment of a ruptured intracranial aneurysm with either neurosurgical clipping or endovascular coiling. At 1 year there was a 7% absolute and a 24% relative risk reduction of death and dependency in the coiling group compared with the clipping group, but the medium-term results showed the increased need for re-treatment of the target aneurysm in the patients given coiling. We report the long-term follow-up of patients in this UK cohort. Methods In ISAT, patients were randomly allocated to either neurosurgical clipping or endovascular coiling after a subarachnoid haemorrhage, assuming treatment equipoise, between Sept 12, 1994, and May 1, 2002. We followed up 1644 patients in 22 UK neurosurgical centres for death and clinical outcomes for 10·0–18·5 years. We assessed dependency as self-reported modified Rankin scale score obtained through yearly questionnaires. Data for recurrent aneurysms and rebleeding events were collected from questionnaires and from hospital and general practitioner records. The Office for National Statistics supplied data on deaths. This study is registered, number ISRCTN49866681. Findings At 10 years, 674 (83%) of 809 patients allocated endovascular coiling and 657 (79%) of 835 patients allocated neurosurgical clipping were alive (odds ratio OR 1·35, 95% CI 1·06–1·73). Of 1003 individuals who returned a questionnaire at 10 years, 435 (82%) patients treated with endovascular coiling and 370 (78%) patients treated with neurosurgical clipping were independent (modified Rankin scale score 0–2; OR 1·25; 95% CI 0·92–1·71). Patients in the endovascular treatment group were more likely to be alive and independent at 10 years than were patients in the neurosurgery group (OR 1·34, 95% CI 1·07–1·67). 33 patients had a recurrent subarachnoid haemorrhage more than 1 year after their initial haemorrhage (17 from the target aneurysm). Interpretation Although rates of increased dependency alone did not differ between groups, the probability of death or dependency was significantly greater in the neurosurgical group than in the endovascular group. Rebleeding was more likely after endovascular coiling than after neurosurgical clipping, but the risk was small and the probability of disability-free survival was significantly greater in the endovascular group than in the neurosurgical group at 10 years. Funding UK Medical Research Council.
The Galactic Faraday rotation sky 2020 Hutschenreuter, S.; Anderson, C. S.; Betti, S. ...
Astronomy and astrophysics (Berlin),
01/2022, Volume:
657
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Aims.
This work provides an update to existing reconstructions of the Galactic Faraday rotation sky by processing almost all Faraday rotation data sets available at the end of the year 2020. ...Observations of extra-Galactic sources in recent years have further illuminated the previously underconstrained southern celestial sky, as well as parts of the inner disc of the Milky Way, along with other regions. This has culminated in an all-sky data set of 55 190 data points, thereby comprising a significant expansion on the 41 330 used in previous works. At the same time, this novelty makes an updated separation of the Galactic component a promising enterprise. The increased source density allows us to present our results in a resolution of about 1.3 × 10
−2
deg
2
(46.8 arcmin
2
), which is a twofold increase compared to previous works.
Methods.
As for previous Faraday rotation sky reconstructions, this work is based on information field theory, namely, a Bayesian inference scheme for field-like quantities that handles noisy and incomplete data.
Results.
In contrast to previous reconstructions, we find a significantly thinner and pronounced Galactic disc with small-scale structures exceeding values of several thousand rad m
−2
. The improvements can mainly be attributed to the new catalog of Faraday data, but are also supported by advances in correlation structure modeling within numerical information field theory. We also provide a detailed discussion on the statistical properties of the Faraday rotation sky and we investigate correlations with other data sets.
We report the detection of an ultra-bright fast radio burst (FRB) from a modest, 3.4-day pilot survey with the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder. The survey was conducted in a wide-field ...fly's-eye configuration using the phased-array-feed technology deployed on the array to instantaneously observe an effective area of 160 deg2, and achieve an exposure totaling 13200 deg2 hr . We constrain the position of FRB 170107 to a region in size (90% containment) and its fluence to be 58 6 Jy ms. The spectrum of the burst shows a sharp cutoff above 1400 MHz, which could be due to either scintillation or an intrinsic feature of the burst. This confirms the existence of an ultra-bright ( Jy ms) population of FRBs.
We have previously demonstrated that prefrontal serotonin depletion impairs orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)-mediated serial discrimination reversal (SDR) learning but not lateral prefrontal cortex ...(PFC)-mediated attentional set shifting. To address the neurochemical specificity of this reversal deficit, Experiment 1 compared the effects of selective serotonin and selective dopamine depletions of the OFC on performance of the SDR task. Whereas serotonin depletions markedly impaired performance, OFC dopamine depletions were without effect. The behavioral specificity of this reversal impairment was investigated in Experiment 2 by examining the effect of OFC serotonin depletion on performance of a modified SDR task designed to distinguish between 3 possible causes of the impairment. The results showed that the reversal deficit induced by prefrontal serotonin depletion was not due to a failure to approach a previously unrewarded stimulus (enhanced learned avoidance) or reduced proactive interference. Instead, it was due specifically to a failure to inhibit responding to the previously rewarded stimulus. The neurochemical and behavioral specificity of this particular form of cognitive inflexibility is of particular relevance to our understanding of the aetiology and treatment of inflexible behavior apparent in many neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders involving the PFC.
In-situ neutron diffraction measurements were performed during heat-treating and uniaxial loading of additively manufactured (AM) GP1 material. Although the measured chemical composition of the GP1 ...powder falls within the composition specifications of 17-4 PH steel, a fully martensitic alloy in the wrought condition, the crystal structure of the as-built GP1 material is fully austenitic. Chemical analysis of the as-built material shows high oxygen and nitrogen content, which then significantly decreased after heat-treating in a vacuum furnace at 650°C for one hour. Significant austenite-to-martensite phase transformation is observed during compressive and tensile loading of the as-built and heat-treated material with accompanied strengthening as martensite volume fraction increases. During loading, the initial average phase stress state in the martensite is hydrostatic compression independent of the loading direction. Preferred orientation transformation in austenite and applied load accommodation by variant selection in martensite are observed via measurements of the texture development.
We present a catalogue of ~3000 submillimetre sources detected ( greater than or equal to 3.5...) at 850 ...m over ~5 deg super( 2) surveyed as part of the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) ...SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey (S2CLS). This is the largest survey of its kind at 850 ...m, increasing the sample size of 850 ...m selected submillimetre galaxies by an order of magnitude. The wide 850 ...m survey component of S2CLS covers the extragalactic fields: UKIDSS-UDS, COSMOS, Akari-NEP, Extended Groth Strip, Lockman Hole North, SSA22 and GOODS-North. The average 1... depth of S2CLS is 1.2 mJy beam super( -1), approaching the SCUBA-2 850 ...m confusion limit, which we determine to be ... 0.8 mJy beam super( -1). We measure the 850 ...m number counts, reducing the Poisson errors on the differential counts to approximately 4 per cent at S sub( 850) ... 3 mJy. With several independent fields, we investigate field-to-field variance, finding that the number counts on 0.5...-1... scales are generally within 50 per cent of the S2CLS mean for S sub( 850) > 3 mJy, with scatter consistent with the Poisson and estimated cosmic variance uncertainties, although there is a marginal (2...) density enhancement in GOODS-North. The observed counts are in reasonable agreement with recent phenomenological and semi-analytic models, although determining the shape of the faint-end slope (S sub( 850) < 3 mJy) remains a key test. The large solid angle of S2CLS allows us to measure the bright-end counts: at S sub( 850) > 10 mJy there are approximately 10 sources per square degree, and we detect the distinctive up-turn in the number counts indicative of the detection of local sources of 850 ...m emission, and strongly lensed high-redshift galaxies. All calibrated maps and the catalogue are made publicly available. (ProQuest: ... denotes formulae/symbols omitted.)
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