Macromolecular crystallography at synchrotron sources has proven to be the most influential method within structural biology, producing thousands of structures since its inception. While its utility ...has been instrumental in progressing our knowledge of structures of molecules, it suffers from limitations such as the need for large, well-diffracting crystals, and radiation damage that can hamper native structural determination. The recent advent of X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) and their implementation in the emerging field of serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) has given rise to a remarkable expansion upon existing crystallographic constraints, allowing structural biologists access to previously restricted scientific territory. SFX relies on exceptionally brilliant, micro-focused X-ray pulses, which are femtoseconds in duration, to probe nano/micrometer sized crystals in a serial fashion. This results in data sets comprised of individual snapshots, each capturing Bragg diffraction of single crystals in random orientations prior to their subsequent destruction. Thus structural elucidation while avoiding radiation damage, even at room temperature, can now be achieved. This emerging field has cultivated new methods for nanocrystallogenesis, sample delivery, and data processing. Opportunities and challenges within SFX are reviewed herein.
Effortful control has been demonstrated to have important ramifications for children's self-regulation and social-emotional adjustment. However, there are wide socioeconomic disparities in children's ...effortful control, with impoverished children displaying heightened difficulties. The current study was designed to demonstrate how instability within the proximal rearing context of young children may serve as a key operant on the development of children's effortful control in the context of poverty. Two separate studies were conducted that included samples of children living within homes characterized by heightened economic risk. In Study 1, we tested the differential prediction of family instability on two domains of children's effortful control: cool effortful control and delay control. Consistent with hypotheses, elevated instability was associated with decreased hot effortful control but not cool effortful control over the span of 2 years. In Study 2, we examined how children's basal cortisol activity may account for associations between heightened instability and effortful control in reward tasks. The results were consistent with sensitization models, suggesting that elevated cortisol activity arising from increased uncertainty and unpredictability in rearing contexts may influence children's hot effortful control. The findings are interpreted within emerging evolutionary-developmental frameworks of child development.
This study examined children's duration of attention to negative emotions (i.e., anger, sadness, fear) as a mediator of associations among maternal and paternal unsupportive parenting and children's ...externalizing symptoms in a sample of 240 mothers, fathers, and their preschool children (
= 4.64 years). The multimethod, multi-informant design consisted of three annual measurement occasions. Analysis of maternal and paternal unsupportive parenting as predictors in latent difference changes in children's affect-biased attention and behavior problems indicated that children's attention to negative emotions mediated the specific association between maternal unsupportive parenting and children's subsequent increases in externalizing symptoms. Maternal unsupportive parenting at Wave 1 predicted decreases in children's attention to negative facial expressions of adults from Wave 1 to 2. Reductions in children's attention to negative emotion, in turn, predicted increases in their externalizing symptoms from Wave 1 to 3. Additional tests of children's fearful distress and hostile responses to parental conflict as explanatory mechanisms revealed that increases in children's fearful distress reactivity from Wave 1 to 2 accounted for the association between maternal unsupportive parenting and concomitant decreases in their attention to negative emotions. Results are discussed in the context of information processing models of family adversity and developmental psychopathology.
Cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) reduces dioxygen to water and harnesses the chemical energy to drive proton translocation across the inner mitochondrial membrane by an unresolved mechanism. By using ...time-resolved serial femtosecond crystallography, we identified a key oxygen intermediate of bovine CcO. It is assigned to the PR-intermediate, which is characterized by specific redox states of the metal centers and a distinct protein conformation. The heme a₃ iron atom is in a ferryl (Fe4+ = O2−) configuration, and heme a and CuB are oxidized while CuA is reduced. A Helix-X segment is poised in an open conformational state; the heme a farnesyl sidechain is H-bonded to S382, and loop-I-II adopts a distinct structure. These data offer insights into the mechanism by which the oxygen chemistry is coupled to unidirectional proton translocation.
This study evaluated if maternal intimate partner violence (IPV) had indirect effects on sensitive parenting in infancy through prenatal depressive symptoms and postpartum parenting stress and if ...maternal adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) moderated these indirect effects. We hypothesized that: (a) IPV would be associated with greater prenatal depressive symptoms, which would predict greater postpartum parenting stress, and ultimately less sensitive parenting and (b) the link between IPV and depressive symptoms would be strongest for mothers with high ACEs. Participants included 295 mothers and their infants who were assessed prenatally and at 12 months postpartum. Path analyses indicated that mothers with higher IPV endorsed greater prenatal depressive symptoms, which was in turn associated with postpartum parenting stress, and ultimately less sensitive parenting behavior. Moderation analyses revealed that these indirect effects varied as a function of maternal ACEs, with the link between IPV and depressive symptoms only present for mothers who reported high ACEs. Because less sensitive caregiving is often an early indicator of child maltreatment risk, understanding precursors to sensitivity is critical to increase precision in parenting interventions designed to reduce risk for maltreatment. Results may inform evidence-based preventive interventions for mothers and infants at high-risk for child abuse and neglect.
Previous research has highlighted the value in parsing unidimensional assessments of children's involvement in interparental conflict into distinct forms for advancing an understanding of children's ...development; however, little is known about the underlying antecedents of distinct forms of involvement. The present study provides the first systematic analysis of the interparental conflict and parenting predictors of residualized change in maternal reports of three forms of children's involvement in interparental conflict (i.e., cautious, caregiving, coercive). Participants in this multimethod, multi-informant longitudinal study included 243 preschool children (Mage = 4.60 years), mothers, and their partners from racially, ethnically, and socioeconomically diverse backgrounds. Multivariate analyses demonstrated selectivity in links between interparental conflict and parenting and children's involvement in interparental conflict. Findings from the interparental conflict analyses revealed that Wave 1 constructive conflict uniquely predicted lower Wave 2 cautious involvement, and Wave 1 hostile conflict uniquely predicted greater Wave 2 coercive involvement. Findings from the parenting analyses indicated that Wave 1 maternal responsiveness uniquely predicted lower Wave 2 cautious involvement and Wave 1 maternal vulnerability uniquely predicted greater Wave 2 coercive involvement. Although interparental conflict and parenting antecedents did not predict caregiving involvement, a series of follow-up analyses individually examining each form of interparental conflict and parenting as a predictor of children's involvement revealed that greater Wave 2 caregiving involvement was predicted by higher levels of Wave 1 disengaged conflict and lower levels of Wave 1 constructive conflict. Findings are interpreted in the context of developmental psychopathology models that emphasize children's response patterns to family adversity.
This multistudy article examines whether children's susceptibility to their socialization experiences varies as a function of their dove temperament dispositions, an evolutionarily informed pattern ...of traits marked by a low threshold of environmental stimulation and greater behavioral flexibility across environmental contexts. Participants in Study 1 consisted of 70 mothers and their 4- to 6-year-old children: M age = 4.79 years; 57% girls; 33% Black or multiracial; 14% Latinx; median annual income range = $55,000 - $74,999. For Study 2, participants were 243 families, including mothers, fathers, and preschool children: M age = 4.60 years; 56% girls; 54% Black or multiracial, 16% Latinx; median annual income = $36,000). The studies used multimethod, multiinformant measurement batteries within a cross-sectional design (i.e., Study 1) or longitudinal design with three annual measurement occasions (i.e., Study 2). Study 1 findings indicated that associations among maternal parenting quality and psychological problems were only significant for children who were high in dove temperament. Consistent with these findings, Study 2 latent growth curve analyses showed that children experiencing high family adversity (i.e., maternal and paternal parenting difficulties, interparental conflict) were more susceptible to subsequent internalizing and social problems only when they were high in dove temperament. Supporting its role as a susceptibility factor, findings revealed that children with dove temperaments evidenced lower levels of psychological problems under supportive family conditions and higher psychological difficulties in adverse family contexts. Analyses further showed that the composition and moderating effects of dove temperament were distinct from other temperamental susceptibility candidates.
Maternal posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) are associated with adverse consequences for older children, but very few studies have examined links between perinatal maternal PTSS and infant ...outcomes. Trauma exposure and psychopathology, including PTSS, is often heightened for women during pregnancy through 1 year postpartum. Therefore, the perinatal period may be a critical time for understanding the risk maternal PTSS and other mental health factors pose to the socioemotional and physical health of infants. The present study explored the relation between maternal PTSS and infant socioemotional and physical health problems in a sample of racially and ethnically diverse mother‐infant dyads (N = 295) assessed prenatally and at 12 months postpartum. This study also examined whether there are: (1) moderating effects of maternal depressive symptoms and parenting stress on these associations and (2) indirect effects of PTSS on infant outcomes through observed maternal sensitivity. Results indicated that postpartum depressive symptoms and parenting stress, rather than PTSS, were associated with greater infant socioemotional health problems. However, prenatal PTSS were associated with greater infant physical health problems when mothers also reported clinically significant levels of postpartum depressive symptoms. Maternal sensitivity was not associated with maternal PTSS, depressive symptoms, or parenting stress, nor was it related to infant socioemotional and physical health; thus, maternal sensitivity was not tested as an intermediary mechanism linking maternal mental health with infant outcomes. Implications for promoting maternal mental health in the perinatal period to bolster socioemotional and physical health of infants are discussed.
Resumen
Los síntomas de estrés materno postraumático (PTSS) se asocian con consecuencias adversas para niños de mayor edad, pero pocos estudios han examinado las conexiones entre PTSS materno perinatal y los resultados en el infante. El estar expuesta al trauma y la sicopatología de este, incluyendo PTSS, a menudo se intensifican más en el caso de mujeres durante el embarazo y hasta un año después del parto. Por tanto, el período perinatal pudiera ser un omento crítico para comprender el riesgo que el PTSS materno y otros factores de salud mental presentan para la salud socioemocional y física de los infantes. Este estudio exploró la relación entre el PTSS materno y los problemas de salud socioemocional y física del infante en un grupo muestra de díadas madre‐infante racial y étnicamente diversas (N = 295), evaluadas prenatalmente y a los 12 meses después del parto. Este estudio también examinó si hay: (1) efectos moderadores de los síntomas depresivos maternos y el estrés de crianza sobre estas asociaciones y (2) efectos indirectos de PTSS sobre los resultados en el infante a través de la observada sensibilidad materna. Los resultados indican que los síntomas depresivos y el estrés de crianza, en vez de PTSS, estaban asociados con mayores problemas de salud socioemocional del infante. Sin embargo, el PTSS se asoció con mayores problemas de salud física en el infante cuando las madres también reportaron niveles clínicamente significativos de síntomas depresivos. No se corroboró el que la sensibilidad materna fuera un mecanismo intermediario de conexión entre PTSS y otros factores de salud mental materna y resultados en el infante.
Résumé
Les symptômes des stress posttraumatique (SPT) maternel sont liés à des conséquences adverses pour les enfants plus âgés mais peu d’études ont examiné les liens entre le SPT périnatal maternel et les résultats sur les nourrissons. L'exposition au trauma et la psychopathologie, y compris le SPT, est souvent accrues pour les femmes durant la grossesse jusqu’à un an après la naissance. Par conséquent la période périnatale peut être un moment critique pour la compréhension du risque que posent le SPT maternel et d'autres facteurs de santé mentale à la santé socio‐émotionnelle et physique des nourrissons. Cette étude a exploré la relation entre le SPT maternel et les problèmes socio‐émotionnels et physiques des nourrissons chez un échantillon de dyades mère‐nourrisson racialement et ethniquement diverses (N = 295) évaluées au stade prénatal et à 12 mois après la naissance. Cette étude a aussi examiné s'il existait : (1) des effets modérateurs de symptômes dépressifs maternels et du stress de parentage sur ces associations et (2) des effets indirects de SPT sur les résultats du nourrisson à travers une sensibilité maternelle observée. Les résultats ont indiqué que les symptômes dépressifs postpartum et le stress de parentage, plus que le SPT, étaient liés à des problèmes plus élevés de santé socio‐émotionnels du nourrisson. Cependant le SPT prénatal était lié à de plus grands problèmes de santé physique du nourrisson quand les mères faisaient aussi état de niveaux cliniquement élevés de symptômes dépressifs postpartum. La sensibilité maternelle n’était pas liée au SPT maternel, aux symptômes dépressifs ou au stress de parentage, et n’était pas non plus liée à la santé socio‐émotionnelle et physique du nourrisson. Donc la sensibilité maternelle n'a pas testée comme mécanisme intermédiaire liant la santé mentale maternelle aux résultats du nourrisson. Les implications pour la promotion de la santé mentale maternelle dans la période périnatale afin de soutenir la santé socio‐émotionnelle et physique des nourrissons sont discutées.
Zusammenfassung
Zusammenhänge zwischen mütterlichen posttraumatischen Belastungssymptomen und der sozio‐emotionalen und körperlichen Gesundheit von Säuglingen verstehen
Mütterliche posttraumatische Belastungssymptome (posttraumatic stress symptoms; PTSS) werden mit negativen Folgen für ältere Kinder in Verbindung gebracht, aber nur wenige Studien haben Zusammenhänge zwischen perinatalen mütterlichen PTSS und Outcomes bei Säuglingen untersucht. Die Traumaexposition und Psychopathologie, einschließlich PTSS, ist bei Frauen während der Schwangerschaft bis zu einem Jahr nach der Geburt oft erhöht. Daher könnte die perinatale Phase ein entscheidender Zeitpunkt sein, um das Risiko mütterlicher PTSS und anderer Einflussfaktoren auf die psychische Gesundheit für die sozioemotionale und körperliche Gesundheit von Säuglingen zu verstehen. Diese Studie untersucht den Zusammenhang zwischen mütterlichen PTSS und sozioemotionalen und körperlichen Gesundheitsproblemen von Säuglingen in einer Stichprobe von Mutter‐Säuglings‐Dyaden (N = 295), die pränatal und 12 Monate nach der Geburt untersucht wurden. In dieser Studie wurde außerdem untersucht, ob es 1) moderierende Effekte von mütterlichen Depressionssymptomen und elterlichem Stress auf diese Assoziationen gibt und 2) ob es über die beobachtete mütterliche Sensibilität indirekte Effekte von PTSS auf Säuglingsoutcomes gibt. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass depressive Symptome und elterlicher Stress, nicht aber PTSS mit größeren sozio‐emotionalen Gesundheitsproblemen bei Säuglingen assoziiert waren. Allerdings waren PTSS mit größeren körperlichen Gesundheitsproblemen bei Säuglingen assoziiert, wenn die Mütter auch von klinisch signifikanten Depressionssymptomen berichteten. Die mütterliche Sensibilität wurde nicht als Mediator identifiziert, der PTSS oder andere mütterliche psychische Gesundheitsfaktoren mit Säuglingsoutcomes verbindet.
抄録
母親の周産期心的外傷後ストレスによる症状と乳幼児の社会情緒的・身体的健康度との関連性の理解
母親の心的外傷後ストレスによる症状 (PTSS) は, 年長児に悪影響を及ぼすとされているが, 周産期の母親のPTSSと乳幼児の転帰との関連性を調べた研究はほとんどない。PTSSを含む心的外傷への曝露と精神病理は、妊娠中から産後1年までの女性で高まることが多い。したがって, 周産期は, 母親のPTSSやその他の精神保健的要因が乳幼児の社会情緒的および身体的健康度に及ぼすリスクを理解する上で重要な時期になりうる。本研究では, 人種的・民族的に多様な母‐乳幼児 (N = 295) を対象に, 母親のPTSSと乳幼児の社会情緒的および身体的健康度に関する問題との関連性を, 出生前および産後12カ月の時点で評価した。本研究では、 (1) これらの関連に対する母親の抑うつ症状と育児ストレスの調整効果の有無 (2) 母親の感受性観察を通してPTSSの乳幼児の転帰への間接的影響の有無についても検討した。その結果, 母親の抑うつ症状と育児ストレスは, 乳幼児の社会情緒的な健康度の問題とPTSSより深く関連していた。しかし, 母親自身も臨床的に有意なレベルの抑うつ症状を報告した場合, PTSSは乳幼児の身体的健康度の問題とより深く関連していた。母親の感受性がPTSSまたはその他の母親の精神保健的因子と乳幼児の転帰を結びつける中間的なメカニズムであるという結果は得られなかった。
摘要
母亲创伤后应激症状 (PTSS) 与年龄较大儿童的不良发展结果有关, 但很少有研究探讨围产期母亲PTSS与婴儿发展结果之间的联系。女性在怀孕期间到产后一年的创伤暴露和精神病理症状 (包括PTSS) 通常会加剧。因此, 围产期可能是了解母亲PTSS风险及其他心理健康因素对婴儿社会情绪和身体健康影响的关键时期。本研究通过对不同种族和民族的母婴二元组 (N = 295) 进行产前和产后12个月的评估, 探讨了母亲PTSS与婴儿社会情绪和身体健康问题之间的关系。本研究还检验了是否存在:(1) 母亲抑郁症状和育儿压力对这些关联的调节作用;(2) 通过观察到的母亲敏感性, PTSS对婴儿发展结果的间接影响。结果表明, 抑郁症状和育儿压力 (而不是PTSS) 与更严重的婴儿社会情绪健康问题有关。然而, 当母亲也报告有临床显著水平的抑郁症状时, PTSS与更严重的婴儿身体健康问题有关。母亲敏感性作为联系PTSS或其他母亲心理健康因素与婴儿发展结果之间的中介机制不受支持。
ملخص
فهم الروابط بين أعراض الإجهاد اللاحق للرضح أثناء فترة ما حول الولادة وصحة الرضع الاجتماعية والعاطفية والبدنية
ترتبط أعراض الإجهاد الأمومي اللاحق للرضح (PTSS) بعواقب ضارة على الأطفال الأكبر سنًا ، لكن القليل من الدراسات تناولت الروابط بين متلازمة ما بعد الصدمة للأمهات في الفترة المحيطة بالولادة ونتائج الرضع. غالبًا ما يزداد التعرض للصدمات والاضطرابات النفسية ، بما في ذلك متلازمة ما بعد الصدمة ، للنساء أثناء الحمل خلال عام واحد بعد الولادة. لذلك ، قد تكون فترة ما حول الولادة وقتًا حرجًا لفهم مخاطر متلازمة ما بعد الصدمة للأمهات وعوامل الصحة النفسية الأخرى التي تشكلها على الصحة الاجتماعية والعاطفية والجسدية للرضع. استكشفت هذه الدراسة العلاقة بين متلازمة ما بعد الصدمة للأمهات ومشاكل الصحة الاجتماعية والعاطفية والبدنية للرضع في عينة من ثنائيات الأم والرضع المتنوعة عرقيًا (N = 295) التي تم تقييمها قبل الولادة وعند 12 شهرًا بعد الولادة. تناولت هذه الدراسة أيضًا ما إذا كان هناك: (1) تأثيرات معتدلة لأعراض اكتئاب الأمهات وضغوط الأبوة والأمومة على هذه الارتباطات و (2) تأثيرات غير مباشرة لمتلازمة ما بعد الصدمة على نتائج الرضع من خلال حساسية الأم الملحوظة. أشارت النتائج إلى أن أعراض الاكتئاب والإجهاد الوالدي ، وليس متلازمة ما بعد الصدمة ، كانت مرتبطة بمشاكل صحية اجتماعية وعاطفية أكبر عند الرضع. ومع ذلك ، فقد ارتبطت متلازمة ما بعد الصدمة بمشاكل صحية جسدية أكبر للرضع عندما أبلغت الأمهات أيضًا عن مستويات ذات دلالة سريريًا من أعراض الاكتئاب. لم يتم إثبات حساسية الأمهات كآلية وسيطة تربط بين متلازمة ما بعد الصدمة أو غيرها من عوامل الصحة النفسية الأمومية ونتائج الرضع.
Young children who experience adversity are at increased risk for developing psychological difficulties across the lifespan. Among community samples, parent-child relationship dynamics interact with ...child effortful control to predict child behavior problems. The nature of these associations has not been examined among children who have experienced early childhood adversity and who may be particularly sensitive to familial effects on child development. To this end, this study examines if child effortful control moderates associations between parent-child relationship dynamics (i.e., cohesion, enmeshment, disengagement) and child behavior problems in early childhood. Participants in this multimethod (i.e., observational assessment, parent-report survey, semi-structured interview, child protection records) study included 274 preschool-aged children (
M
age = 50.86 months; 52% with documented case of moderate-severe maltreatment) and their primary caregivers assessed at two time-points spaced 6 months apart. Results indicated that for children low, but not high, in effortful control, greater parent-child cohesion was associated with fewer child behavior problems, and greater parent-child enmeshment was associated with greater child behavior problems. Children higher in effortful control demonstrated lower levels of behavior problems regardless of variation in parent-child cohesion or enmeshment.
Highlights
Child effortful control moderated links between parent-child relationship dynamics and child behavior problems 6 months later.
For children low in effortful control, greater parent-child cohesion was associated with fewer behavior problems.
For children low in effortful control, greater parent-child enmeshment was associated with greater behavior problems.
Children higher in effortful control demonstrated lower levels of behavior problems regardless of variation in parent-child cohesion or enmeshment.
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