Following a review of extant reporting standards for scientific publication, and reviewing 10 years of experience since publication of the first set of reporting standards by the American ...Psychological Association (APA; APA Publications and Communications Board Working Group on Journal Article Reporting Standards, 2008), the APA Working Group on Quantitative Research Reporting Standards recommended some modifications to the original standards. Examples of modifications include division of hypotheses, analyses, and conclusions into 3 groupings (primary, secondary, and exploratory) and some changes to the section on meta-analysis. Several new modules are included that report standards for observational studies, clinical trials, longitudinal studies, replication studies, and N-of-1 studies. In addition, standards for analytic methods with unique characteristics and output (structural equation modeling and Bayesian analysis) are included. These proposals were accepted by the Publications and Communications Board of APA and supersede the standards included in the 6th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA, 2010).
A meta-analysis of 41 studies examined the effect of choice on intrinsic motivation and related outcomes in a variety of settings with both child and adult samples. Results indicated that providing ...choice enhanced intrinsic motivation, effort, task performance, and perceived competence, among other outcomes. Moderator tests revealed the effect of choice on intrinsic motivation was stronger (a) for instructionally irrelevant choices compared to choices made between activities, versions of a task, rewards, and instructionally relevant options, (b) when 2 to 4 successive choices were given, (c) when rewards were not given after the choice manipulation, (d) when participants given choice were compared to the most controlling forms of control groups, (e) for children compared to adults, (f) for designs that yoked choice and control conditions compared to matched designs in which choice was reduced or designs in which nonyoked, nonmatched controls were used, and (g) when the experiment was conducted in a laboratory embedded in a natural setting. Implications for future research and applications to real-world settings are discussed.
We present a new tomographic P wave model of the upper mantle in the east Caribbean region. The model was built using 3‐D finite frequency sensitivity kernels and ~20,000 teleseismic P and PP ...traveltime residuals from 535 events recorded across 130 broadband seismometers. We observe high‐velocity features corresponding to a Caribbean beneath northern South America and an arcuate slab beneath the Lesser and Greater Antilles island arcs. The latter exhibits an along strike gradient in dip with steep edges and a reclined middle, consistent with ongoing slab rollback and collision. We divide the arcuate slab into three sections from two lateral discontinuities. The southern and northern Lesser Antilles sections are separated by a gap ~15°N down to ~200 km. Between Puerto Rico and Hispaniola, another gap down to ~300 km separates the northern Lesser Antilles slab from a narrow slab fragment further east. We relate these discontinuities to the subducted North American‐South American plate boundary and a slab segmentation tear, respectively. The northern and southern ends of the Lesser Antilles trench are actively deforming from collision and differential rollback. However, these areas exhibit different styles of lithospheric tearing, as manifest in the morphology of the slab. We infer the contrast in tearing relates to the presence of microplates at the northern boundary of the Caribbean plate. Microplates facilitate block divergence and differential trench retreat/rollback, which drive slab segmentation. These results offer new insight into the tectonics of the Caribbean region and the factors driving lithospheric tearing in slabs generally.
Plain Language Summary
We use a regional array of seismic stations and global earthquake data to construct a 3‐D model of the top 1,000 km of the Earth's mantle in a subduction zone. We image a subducting slab and observe that the slab is tearing while it sinks. Based on regional tectonic knowledge, we infer that this deformation is related to the presence of microplates near the tear. We believe that microplates facilitate tearing by allowing tectonic blocks to move apart from one another and diverge. This divergence at the surface is accommodated at depth via tearing and slab segmentation.
Key Points
Finite frequency P wave tomography images a gap in the subducted lithosphere beneath the eastern Greater Antilles
This gap is consistent with segmentation tearing from differential rollback and extension
The presence of microplates may facilitate tearing and deformation in the Caribbean and elsewhere
This investigation examined the effects of providing choices among homework assignments on motivation and subsequent academic performance. Students were randomly assigned within classrooms either to ...receive a choice of homework options or to be assigned an option for all homework in one instructional unit. Conditions were reversed for a second instructional unit. Results revealed that when students received a choice of homework they reported higher intrinsic motivation to do homework, felt more competent regarding the homework, and performed better on the unit test compared with when they did not have a choice. In addition, a trend suggested that having choices enhanced homework completion rates compared with when no choices were given. In a second analysis involving the same students, the importance of perceived provision of choice was examined in the context of student perceptions of their teachers' support for autonomy more broadly defined. Survey data showed that the relationship between perceptions of receiving autonomy support from teachers and intrinsic motivation for schoolwork could be fully accounted for by students' perceptions of receiving choices from their teachers. The limitations and implications of the study for research and practice are discussed.
The "assessment for learning" movement in education has increased attention to self-grading and peer-grading practices in primary and secondary schools. This research synthesis examined several ...questions pertaining to the use of self-grading and peer-grading in conjunction with criterion-referenced testing in 3rd- through 12th-grade-level classrooms. We investigated (a) the effects of students' participation in grading on subsequent test performance, (b) the difference between grades when assigned by students or teachers, and (c) the correlation between grades assigned by students and teachers. Students who engaged in self-grading performed better (g = .34) on subsequent tests than did students who did not. Moderator analyses suggested that the benefits of self-grading were estimated to be greater when the study controlled for group differences through random assignment. Students who engaged in peer-grading performed better on subsequent tests than did students who did not (g = .29). On average, students did not grade themselves or peers significantly differently than teachers (self-grades, g = .04; peer-grades, g = .04) and showed moderate correlation (self-grading, r = .67; peer-grading, r = .68) with teacher grades. Further, other moderator analyses and examination of studies suggested that self- and peer-grading practices can be implemented to positive effect in primary and secondary schools with the use of rubrics and training for students in a formative assessment environment. However, because of a limited number of studies, these mediating variables need more research to allow more conclusive findings.
Does homework improve academic achievement? Cooper, Harris; Civey Robinson, Jorgianne; Patall, Erika A
Review of educational research,
03/2006, Volume:
76, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
In this article, research conducted in the United States since 1987 on the effects of homework is summarized. Studies are grouped into four research designs. The authors found that all studies, ...regardless of type, had design flaws. However, both within and across design types, there was generally consistent evidence for a positive influence of homework on achievement. Studies that reported simple homework-achievement correlations revealed evidence that a stronger correlation existed (a) in Grades 7-12 than in K-6 and (b) when students rather than parents reported time on homework. No strong evidence was found for an association between the homework-achievement link and the outcome measure (grades as opposed to standardized tests) or the subject matter (reading as opposed to math). On the basis of these results and others, the authors suggest future research. (DIPF/Orig.).
Presents a summary of data on the journals published by the American Psychological Association. This summary is compiled from the 2022 annual reports of the Council of Editors and from Central Office ...records. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
The Award for Distinguished Professional Contributions to Applied Research is given to a psychologist whose research has led to important discoveries or developments in the field of applied ...psychology. The 2022 recipient is Sandra A. Graham-Bermann. Graham-Bermann is a professor of Psychology and Psychiatry at the University of Michigan and director of the Child Violence and Trauma Lab. Her research focuses on resilience, intimate partner violence (IPV), and community-based intervention programs, along with understanding the psychological mechanisms relevant to how children manage trauma and violence, translating that work into culturally sensitive interventions for families. She has made significant contributions to understanding how IPV and stress affect children's social, physical, and emotional adjustment and to developing measures to assess stress and outcomes. Her work has been translated into important interventions, made easily accessible, and implemented across settings, including with undocumented immigrants in Michigan and Texas and with Native Alaskans. This work has had a huge impact on people often excluded from clinical services. Dr. Graham- Bermann also developed the Kids' Empowerment Program to promote health and wellness in children. This work-from measure development to intervention-exemplifies the development and application of methodologies and interventions to provide direct and immediate solutions to significant and practical problems in the field. Her contributions have been recognized over time with multiple prestigious awards, and she is likewise highly deserving of this distinguished award. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
The Awards for Distinguished Contributions to Psychology in the Public Interest recognize persons who have advanced psychology as a science and/or profession by a single extraordinary achievement or ...a lifetime of outstanding contributions in the public interest. Two awards are given: one to a senior psychologist and a second to a psychologist who has made a significant contribution to the public interest in the early stages of their career. Della V. Mosley exhibits excellence in creating innovative programming that advances psychology in the public interest. Her work is dedicated to addressing some of the world's most intransigent problems, racism and racial injustice. In the summer of 2020, chants for #BlackLivesMatter were echoed along with demonstrations stretching across the United States, in response to the ongoing murders of Black people at the hands of police. That same summer, Dr. Della V. Mosley embodied how psychologists can promote racial justice by cofounding Academics for Black Survival and Wellness. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
This award is intended to recognize outstanding independent practitioners in psychology. Nominations are considered for psychologists working in any area of clinical specialization, health services ...provision, or consulting, and services provided to any patient population or professional clientele in an independent setting. Services provided to diverse client groups or patient populations, including but not limited to children/adolescents/adults/older adults, urban/rural/frontier populations, minority populations, and persons with serious mental illness are considered. Contributions are judged distinguished by virtue of peer recognition, advancement of the public's recognition of psychology as a profession, relevant professional association honors, or other meritorious accomplishments denoting excellence as a practitioner, including advancement of the profession. The 2022 recipients of the APA Professional Contributions Awards were selected by the 2021 Board of Professional Affairs (BPA). As a scholar-practitioner and health disparities researcher, Delishia M. Pittman has prioritized the mental health needs of African-descended persons across the diaspora in practice, training, and scholarship. She was the first African American, board-certified counseling psychologist in the District of Columbia and founder of The Wellness Collective, a boutique therapy collective that centers the psychological health and well-being of the Black, Indigenous, and other people of color (BIPOC) community, delivering more than 4,000 hours of therapy in the past year to BIPOC individuals and couples. As tenured faculty in the Department of Counseling and Human Development at George Washington University, she took up antiracism work which has resulted in several important achievements, including the adoption of a department-wide antiracism statement; implementation of antiracism working groups to examine and redress antiracist policies, practices, and procedures across the training program of the department; implementation of two mandatory antiracism convocation experiences in the curriculum; and a movement to decolonize every course and diversify the voices used in the training of counselors for the profession. Dr. Pittman's contributions to the field of psychology are exemplary, and she deserves to be honored for her tireless work. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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