After dealing with the natural features & social importance of the Posavina region in the past, presented is the importance of this region as a unique Croatian ethnic territory during the Middle ...Ages. With the appearance of the Ottomans & especially at the beginning of the 16th century, great ethnic changes occured, primarily due to the expulsion of Croats & arrival of new ethnic groups, mostly Orthodox Vlachs & later Muslims & ethnic Serbs. With the withdrawal of the Ottomans from the Pannonian basin to the areas south of the Sava River & the Danube, the Sava becomes the dividing line creating in its border areas two socially & politically different environments: the Slavonian Military Frontier on the Slavonian side & the Ottoman military-frontier system of kapitanates on the Bosnian side. Both systems had a special influence on the change of ethnic composition in this region. With the withdrawal of the Ottomans further toward the southeast of Europe & the Austrian occupation of Bosnia & Herzegovina the Soya River remains the border along which, especially on the Bosnian side, further changes in ethnic structure occurred. 3 Tables, 4 Figures, 23 References. Adapted from the source document.
This article provides an analysis of the problem of immigration from Zumberacka gora, a highland region that lies on the border between Croatia & Slovenia. Due consideration is given to its ...border-zone character, basic features, & later colonization during the mid-16th century. A dual social organization & even social relations emerged in the region, reflecting the contrast between the military frontier & the civilian portion. The consequences of long settlement & secondary colonization led to agrarian overpopulation & difficult living conditions. Social & overriding economic changes throughout the country by the mid-19th century compelled the population of Zumberacka gora to begin departing from the region. Intense immigration gradually caused negative natural growth. Natural decline (number of deaths exceeding the number of live births) & emigration were gradually reflected in the lower numbers & advanced age of the population. These processes were particularly marked in the military frontier portion of the region -- in Zumberak -- which accounts for almost three fourths of this highland region's territory. In this part of the region the population has been numerically declining since 1931, but particularly since 1971. Today only 20% of the population recorded in 1953 (just after WWII) live in Zumberak. This drop is a result of both natural decline & migration. The age structure of the region's remaining population is dominated by the elderly, which does not bode well for the region's economic revival. The basic features of Zumberak's landscape are deserted or devastated villages with many abandoned tracts of once arable land. A formerly densely populated region that could not feed its own residents has become a zone marked by a population exodus, an area lacking a labor force to work even those small cultivable fields that Zumberacka gora still has. The region is now becoming a nature park. 6 Tables, 6 Figures, 14 References. Adapted from the source document.
After dealing with the natural features and social importance of the Posavina region in the past, presented is the importance of this region as a unique Croatian ethnic territory during the Middle ...Ages. With the appearance of the Ottomans and especially at the beginning of the 16th century, great ethnic changes occured, primarily due to the expulsion of Croats and arrival of new ethnic groups, mostly Orthodox Vlachs and later Muslims and ethnic Serbs. With the withdrawal of the Ottomans from the Pannonian basin to the areas south of the Sava River and the Danube, the Sava becomes the dividing line creating in its border areas two socially and politically different environments: the Slavonian Military Frontier on the Slavonian side and the Ottoman military-frontier system of kapitanates on the Bosnian side. Both systems had a special influence on the change of ethnic composition in this region. With the withdrawal of the Ottomans further towards the southeast of Europe and the Austrian occu-pation of Bosnia and Herzegovina the Sava River remains the border along which, especially on the Bosnian side, further changes of ethnic structure occured.
This work is the continuation of the article published in this Journal no. 69-70 under the title "The Posavina Border Region of Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina: Development up to 1918 (with special
...reference to changes in ethnic composition)". This mentioned article describes the natural features of the region, its importance in the past, the disappearance of the unified Croatian ethnic territory
by the sixteenth century and subsequent development, particularly with a view to the region's importance as a border zone and the changes to its ethnic structure. This work presents the more
recent development of the region by providing an overview of the political circumstances and changes to its ethnic structure under the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and under the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Particular attention is dedicated to political changes which were reflected in changes to the region's ethnic structure at the end of the twentieth century, primarily due to the
ethnic cleansing of Croats and Muslims and the political changeswhich occurred in Bosnia-Herzegovina after the signing of the Dayton Accords.
Potpuni popisi stanovništva Dalmacije, pa tako i Boke kotorske (koja je u vrijeme austrijske uprave bila u sastavu Dalmacije) provedeni su tek u drugoj polovici 19. i početkom 20. stoljeća, odnosno ...1880., 1890., 1900. i 1910. godine. Rezultati tih popisa objavljeni su na razini naselja, općina te sudskih okruga i upravnih kotara. Nažalost, popisi daju samo podatke o vjeroispovijestima i govornim jezicima, ali ne i o narodnostima, koje je gotovo nemoguće odrediti na temelju iz popisa raspoloživih podataka. Moguće je utvrditi samo približne podatke o narodnostima, i to posredno "križanjem" podataka o vjeroispovijestima i materinskom (ili barem govornom) jeziku pripadnika pojedinih vjeroispovijesti.
Boka kotorska je prostran i razgranat zaljev u južnom dijelu istočne obale Jadranskog mora. Teritorijalno pripada Crnoj Gori, koja je politički u sastavu Državne zajednice Srbije i Crne Gore, a ...nalazi se neposredno uz granicu s Republikom Hrvatskom. Ističe se kao specifična prirodna cjelina, obilježena vrlo složenim društvenim razvojem i etničkim promjenama. Unatoč tome, Boka kotorska prepoznatljiva je po svojem jedinstvenom kulturnom pejzažu, nastalom za vrijeme stoljećima dugog razvoja.
ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH: This work is the continuation of the article published in this Journal no. 69-70 under the title 'The Posavina Border Region of Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina: Development up to ...1918 (with special reference to changes in ethnic composition)'. This mentioned article describes the natural features of the region, its importance in the past, the disappearance of the unified Croatian ethnic territory by the sixteenth century and subsequent development, particularly with a view to the region's importance as a border zone and the changes to its ethnic structure. This work presents the more recent development of the region by providing an overview of the political circumstances and changes to its ethnic structure under the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and under the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Particular attention is dedicated to political changes which were reflected in changes to the region's ethnic structure at the end of the twentieth century, primarily due to the ethnic cleansing of Croats and Muslims and the political changes which occurred in Bosnia-Herzegovina after the signing of the Dayton Accords. // ABSTRACT IN GERMAN: Dieser Aufsatz ist die Fortsetzung des in Heft 69-70 erschienenen Artikels "Der Grenzbereich zwischen Kroatien und Bosnien und Herzegowina: Entwicklung bis 1918 (unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der veränderten ethnischen Zusammensetzung)". Im ersten Teil seiner Untersuchung (DI 69-70) präsentiert der Verfasser die landschaftlichen und gesellschaftlichen Merkmale der Posavina (Saveniederung) im Laufe der Geschichte, ferner die Bedeutung dieser Region, die als kroatisches Stammesgebiet im Mittelalter einen einmaligen Status hatte, sowie schließlich die gesellschaftliche Entwicklung und ethnischen Wandel, die sich von der Erscheinung der Osmanen bis zum Jahr 1918 vollzogen. In diesem Aufsatz werden die Veränderungen in der ethnischen Zusammensetzung von Bosanska Posavina (Bosnische Saveniederung) in der Zeit des Königreichs Jugoslawien sowie in der Zeit der Sozialistischen föderativen Republik Jugoslawien dargestellt. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit gilt den Vorgängen am Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts, als aus 12 Gemeinden der Bosnischen Saveniederung die kroatische und moslemische Bevölkerung vertrieben wurde. Der Autor führt namentlich 126 Ortschaften an, in denen vor der serbischen Militäraggression überwiegend Kroaten lebten, deren Häuser jedoch zerstört und die selbst vertneben wurden. Der Artikel schließt mit einigen Überlegungen darüber ab, welche Bedeutung die längs der Save verlaufende Grenze zwischen Kroatien und Bosnien und Herzegowina hat, die durch das sog. Abkommen von Dayton, das den Grund zur Neugestaltung Bosniens und Herzegowinas legte, zu einer potenziell gefährlichen Grenze geworden ist. Der Verfasser folgert, ihm sei nicht bekannt, ob es in der Welt weitere Länder gebe, deren Grenze auf diese Weise eingerichtet ist, wie es in der Saveniederung zwischen Kroatien und Bosnien und Herzegowina der Fall ist. Reprinted by permission of Drustvena Istrazivanja
Prekodravlje is an area in Croatia between the Drava River and its left tributary, the Ždalica River. This is a markedly lowland area of the Drava alluvial plain, with a total surface of 88.78 km2. ...It has six settlements with a total population of 3,286 according to the 2001 census. Prekodravlje is an area that has a long history of human habitation, but the current settlements are relatively young – as most of them emerged as the result of development in the early nineteenth century. An analysis of population trends, natural growth and the migration balance has shown that Prekodravlje had the features of an immigration region only until the end of the nineteenth century, when intense growth in the number of inhabitants was conditioned by the high number of immigrants in relation to emigrants and high natural growth. In the entire subsequent one-hundred year period, i.e. already after
1910, Prekodravlje became a region marked by depopulation, and since 1971 its population has began dying off. Due to its position on a national border and its earlier relative transit isolation, this area saw little investment, so jobs outside of agriculture were not created here.
Ovaj rad je treći nastavak geografske studije o Boki kotorskoj (u daljem tekstu: Boka). U prvom radu (Crkvenčić, I.; Schaller, A., 2005) prikazane su društveno-političke promjene i razvoj etničkog ...sastava Boke do 1918. g., a u drugome etnički sastav Boke u razdoblju austrijske uprave 1814.-1918. g. (Crkvenčić, I.; Schaller, A. 2006). U ovom, tre¬ćem radu analiziraju se promjene etničkog sastava Boke nakon razdoblja austrijske uprave, s posebnim osvrtom na drastičan pad broja Hrvata. Razumljivo je, stoga, da ova analiza započinje prikazom strukture etničkog sastava Boke pred kraj austrijske uprave, i to na temelju podataka posljednjeg austrijskog popisa 1910. g. Nakon toga slijedi analitički osvrt na promjene etničkog sastava prostora Boke, koje proizlaze iz podataka popisa stanovništva u vrijeme Kraljevine Jugoslavije (1918.-1941. g.) i federalne Jugoslavije (1945.-1991. g.). Prikaz završava analizom popisa stanovništva Crne Gore 2003. g., naslovljenom «Hrvati u etničkom sastavu Boke - odumiranje bokeljskih Hrvata».
Croatia is a country of constant emigration which, with varying intensities, has lasted from the nineteenth century to the present. According to some estimates, during the period in which reliable ...statistical records have been kept, i.e. since 1880 up to 1991,
approximately 1.2 million people have emigrated from the territory of today's Republic of Croatia, mostly Croats. Among the periods of more intense emigration from Croatia, the 1943- 1948 period is particularly significant, for during these five years, over 250,000 people emigrated from Croatia, most of them Italians and Germans. This is the largest exodus of non-Croatian inhabitants from the territory of the Republic of Croatia. Relatively little has been written about this emigration of Italians and Germans, and this is thus the subject of this paper. The paper is limited to a review of the origins, subsequent immigration, spatial distribution and emigration of Italians and Germans based exclusively on data from population censuses.
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