Light is essential for the growth and defense of soybean. It is not clear how soybeans adjust their defenses to different light environments with different cropping patterns. The mechanism of soybean ...response to
(SMV) infection under different light intensities was analyzed by RNA-seq sequencing method. Enrichment analysis illustrated that most defense-related genes were down-regulated in the dark and the shade, and up-regulated under hard light and normal light. Soybean can resist SMV infection mainly by activating salicylic acid signaling pathway. Light is essential for activating salicylic acid defense signaling pathways. With the increase of light intensity, the oxidative damage of soybean leaves was aggravated, which promoted the infection of virus. When light was insufficient, the growth of soybean was weak, and the plant-pathogen interaction pathway, MAPK pathway and hormone defense pathway in infected soybean was inhibited. Under hard light, some defense genes in infected soybean were down-regulated to reduce the degree of oxidative damage. The expression of differentially expressed genes was verified by real-time fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR. In order to adapt to the change of light intensity, soybean balanced allocation of resources between growth and defense through a series regulation of gene expression. The results of this study will provide a theoretical basis for the research of SMV resistance in intercropping soybean.
Nitric oxide (NO) is extensively involved in various growth processes and stress responses in plants; however, the regulatory mechanism of NO‐modulated cellular sugar metabolism is still largely ...unknown. Here, we report that NO significantly inhibited monosaccharide catabolism by modulating sugar metabolic enzymes through S‐nitrosylation (mainly by oxidizing dihydrolipoamide, a cofactor of pyruvate dehydrogenase). These S‐nitrosylation modifications led to a decrease in cellular glycolysis enzymes and ATP synthase activities as well as declines in the content of acetyl coenzyme A, ATP, ADP‐glucose and UDP‐glucose, which eventually caused polysaccharide‐biosynthesis inhibition and monosaccharide accumulation. Plant developmental defects that were caused by high levels of NO included delayed flowering time, retarded root growth and reduced starch granule formation. These phenotypic defects could be mediated by sucrose supplementation, suggesting an essential role of NO‐sugar cross‐talks in plant growth and development. Our findings suggest that molecular manipulations could be used to improve fruit and vegetable sweetness.
The physiological effects of NO can be largely reversed by high‐level (either exogenous or endogenous) sucrose treatments. Nitric oxide significantly inhibits polysaccharide synthesis (by S‐nitrosylation of ATP synthase and therefore decreasing ATP, ADP‐glucose and UDP‐glucose levels) and monosaccharide catabolism by modulating sugar metabolic enzymes (including pyruvate dehydrogenase) through S‐nitrosylation. Therefore, cellular monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) accumulated substantially after NO treatments, which enhanced plant's sweetness.
The use of propranolol for the treatment of infantile hemangioma (IH) has been widely investigated in recent years. However, the underlying therapeutic mechanism of propranolol for the treatment of ...IH remains poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of proteins regulated by cellular tumor antigen p53 (p53) in associated apoptosis pathways in IH endothelial cells (HemECs) treated with propranolol. Furthermore, the present study aimed to investigate the exact apoptotic pathway underlying the therapeutic effect of propranolol against IH. In the present study, HemECs were subcultured and investigated using an inverted phase contrast microscope, immunocytochemical staining and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Experimental groups and blank control groups were prepared. All groups were subjected to drug treatment. A high p53 expression model of HemECs was successfully established via transfection, and a low p53 expression model of HemECs was established using pifithrin‑α. The apoptosis rate of each group was determined using Annexin V‑fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide double staining and flow cytometry. The expression levels of downstream proteins regulated by p53 tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 (FAS), p53‑induced death domain‑containing protein (PIDD), death receptor 5 (DR5), BH3‑interacting domain death agonist (BID), apoptosis regulator BAX (BAX), p53 unregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA), phosphatidylinositol‑glycan biosynthesis class S protein (PIGS), and insulin‑like growth factor‑binding protein 3 (IGF‑BP3) were revealed in the experimental and control groups via western blotting. Microscopic observation revealed the growth of an adherent monolayer of cells, which were closely packed and exhibited contact inhibition. Immunocytochemical staining demonstrated increased expression of clotting factor VIII. SEM analysis revealed presence of Weibel‑Palade bodies. The results of the analyses verified that the cultured cells were HemECs. The staining of the samples resulted in a significantly increased rate of apoptosis in experimental groups compared with the blank control group. This result suggested that there is an association between p53 expression and the rate of apoptosis of propranolol‑treated HemECs. The results of the western blot analysis demonstrated an upregulation of BAX expression and a downregulation of IGF‑BP3 expression in the HemECs treated with propranolol. There were no significant differences in the expression levels of FAS, DR5, PIDD, BID, PUMA and PIGS between experimental and control groups. This result suggests that p53 has an important role in HemEC apoptosis. The results of the present study additionally suggest that the propranolol‑induced HemEC apoptosis pathway is a mitochondrial apoptosis pathway and is regulated by p53‑BAX signaling.
When a plant is exposed to heterogeneous light, the photosynthesis of unshaded leaves is often stimulated to compensate for the decline in photosynthesis of shaded leaves, i.e., photosynthetic ...compensation. However, a decline of photosynthesis in unshaded leaves, which means an impairment of photosynthetic compensation, has also been widely reported. Herein, two cultivars of maize (Zea mays L.), ‘Rongyu1210’ (RY) and ‘Zhongdan808’ (ZD), were studied comparatively. Both cultivars performed evident photosynthetic compensation under heterogeneous light (HL) as the light phase begins (8:30 a.m.). However, as the light phase continues (10:30 a.m.), an impairment of photosynthetic compensation took place in HL-treated ZD, but not in HL-treated RY. For both cultivars, nitrogen content of unshaded leaves was higher under HL, indicating a preferential nitrogen distribution towards unshaded leaves. This is related to the photosynthetic compensation but not the cause of the impairment. In addition, no obvious difference was found in the response of photosynthates (sucrose and starch) to HL between cultivars at 8:30 a.m. However, at 10:30 a.m., the content of photosynthates decreased significantly in unshaded leaves of HL-treated RY, along with increased abundances of both sucrose transporters (SUTs) and H+-ATPase (EC 7.1.2.1). In contrast, it increased along with decreased abundances of SUTs and H+-ATPase in HL-treated ZD. These results suggest that the photosynthetic compensation is impaired when photosynthates export of unshaded leaves is restricted. This suggestion is further confirmed by the results of 13C labeling and dry weight detection on young leaves as ‘sink’.
•Photosynthetic compensation is a common phenomenon as the light phase begins.•An impairment of photosynthetic compensation may happen as the light phase continues.•Photosynthetic compensation is impaired when photosynthates export is restricted.
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•Four tectono-hydrothermal stages were identified at the Nibao gold deposit.•Anatase is the main accessory phase of TiO2 polymorphs at Nibao.•Ore sulfur was derived from Permian ...basaltic rocks.•Gold accumulation was controlled by mineral dissolution and reprecipitation.
Multistage mineralization overprinting is important for the formation of giant hydrothermal gold deposits. The Youjiang basin in SW China has undergone at least three major deformation phases in the Mesozoic, but their relationship with the large-scale gold accumulation in the region remains enigmatic. Here, we study the large Nibao gold deposit (reserve > 70 t Au) in the northern part of the basin, which has both fault-controlled and stratabound orebodies. We identified a pre-ore stage and syn-ore stage including four tectono-hydrothermal (T-H) substages (i.e., T-H stage 1, 2, 3 and 4) for the local mineralization at Nibao. The pre-ore stage is dominated by coarse-grained pyrite coexisting with TiO2 polymorphs in the Middle-Late Permian basaltic rocks. The T-H substage 1 is characterized in that the sedimentary pyrites are brecciated in bedding-parallel faults. Fluorination and silicification occur in the T-H substage 2, which is re-brecciated at the T-H substage 3 forming the highest gold grade ore in high-angle thrust fault. The T-H substage 4 presents as fault reactivation within minor calcite and pyrite deposition. Mineralogy and in-situ trace element analyses reveal that mineral dissolution and reprecipitation (incl. dolomite, auriferous pyrite and TiO2 polymorphs) is ubiquitous during the multistage tectono-hydrothermal process, and the continuous alteration overprinting may have promoted gold accumulation. This replacement process of different generations of auriferous pyrite is also recorded by their inherited sulfur isotopes, giving a narrow δ34S (−3.1 to + 2.1 ‰) range. Anatase is the main accessory phase of TiO2 polymorphs, as identified with LA-ICP-MS trace element and laser Raman spectroscopic analyses. Moreover, the anatase can been divided into two types (type-I and II) based on their texture, alteration and chemistry. The type-I anatase commonly occurring in the stratabound ore is characterized by higher Zr (mean 1,730 ppm), V (mean 1,412 ppm), and Cr (mean 110 ppm) contents than type-II that coexists with zoned pyrite in the fault-controlled ore (mean 26 ppm, 187 ppm, and 38 ppm, respectively). Additionally, W (mean 636 ppm) and Mg (10,021 ppm) in type-II are much higher than type-I ones (mean 135 ppm W and 476 Mg). These features show that the sedimentary-stage Zr-V-Cr-rich type-I anatase was dissolved via fluid metasomatism, and reprecipitated as the hydrothermal-stage W-Mg-rich and Zr-poor anatase, with gold gradually enriched. Besides, the anatase phase of TiO2 polymorphs also indicates that the Nibao gold deposit was formed under low pressure–temperature condition. Overall, we propose that the Nibao is a Carlin-type gold deposit, dominated by multistage tectono-hydrothermal events.
The incidence of sleep disorders in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is very high. Sleep disorders can exacerbate the development of ASD and impose a heavy burden on families and society. ...The pathological mechanism of sleep disorders in autism is complex, but gene mutations and neural abnormalities may be involved.
In this review, we examined literature addressing the genetic and neural mechanisms of sleep disorders in children with ASD. The databases PubMed and Scopus were searched for eligible studies published between 2013 and 2023.
Prolonged awakenings of children with ASD may be caused by the following processes. Mutations in the
and
genes can decrease GABA inhibition on neurons in the locus coeruleus, leading to hyperactivity of noradrenergic neurons and prolonged awakenings in children with ASD. Mutations in the
, and
genes heighten the expression of histamine receptors in the posterior hypothalamus, potentially intensifying histamine's ability to promote arousal. Mutations in the
and
genes cause atypical modulation of amygdala impact on orexinergic neurons, potentially causing hyperexcitability of the hypothalamic orexin system. Mutations in the
,
,
, and
genes affect dopamine synthesis, catabolism, and reuptake processes, which can elevate dopamine concentrations in the midbrain. Secondly, non-rapid eye movement sleep disorder is closely related to the lack of butyric acid, iron deficiency and dysfunction of the thalamic reticular nucleus induced by
gene alterations. Thirdly, mutations in the
,
,
,
,
and
genes induce structural and functional abnormalities of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) and amygdala, which may disturb REM sleep. In addition, the decrease in melatonin levels caused by
,
, and
gene mutations, along with functional abnormalities of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons, may lead to abnormal sleep-wake rhythm transitions.
Our review revealed that the functional and structural abnormalities of sleep-wake related neural circuits induced by gene mutations are strongly correlated with sleep disorders in children with ASD. Exploring the neural mechanisms of sleep disorders and the underlying genetic pathology in children with ASD is significant for further studies of therapy.
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•Hydrothermal silica, fluorite and Sb-Au ores at Qinglong deposit are genetically linked.•REE and H-O-Sr isotopes of fluorite point to a basinal fluid source.•Mixing between ...magmatic-hydrothermal and basinal fluids formed early Sb mineralization.•Late Au mineralization formed via intense fluid/rock exchange led by meteoric water incursion.
Silicic and fluorite alterations are widespread and spatially linked to Au and Sb mineralization in the Youjiang basin, SW China. However, metallogenic studies on the hydrothermal quartz and fluorite, and their implications on the fluid source(s) and evolution are very limited, leading to ambiguity about the Au-Sb ore formation. The large Qinglong Sb-(Au) deposit in the basin is characterized by an early-ore jasperoid + stibnite + fluorite assemblage, and a late-ore stibnite + Au-bearing pyrite + veined-quartz assemblage. Early-ore jasperoid-fluorite-stibnite precipitated mainly in open-space wallrock breccias. The relatively wide fluorite 87Sr/86Sr range (0.70776–0.70931) suggests the mixing of two 87Sr isotopically distinct end-members. The highly-radiogenic Sr (87Sr/86Sr > 0.70800) of the Qinglong fluorite suggests that the fluids were likely originated from the Lower Paleozoic basement rocks of the basin. MREE-enriched patterns of the fluorite samples suggest that MREEs were leached from these Lower Paleozoic sulfate-rich basement rocks by the fluids (which contain mainly metal sulfate complexes), as also supported by the positive Y anomalies (Y/Y* = 2.89 – 4.50) and elevated Y/Ho ratios (86.76 – 134.73) of the fluorite. Moreover, the depleted radiogenic Sr, absence of Eu anomalies, negative Ce anomalies (Ce/Ce* = 0.72 – 0.87), and the presence of hydrocarbon-rich fluid inclusions indicate basinal fluid (paleo-seawater/formation water) incursion into the ore fluids. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope compositions of the fluid inclusions (in fluorite) also indicate that the ore fluids have had basinal carbonic fluid contribution. A compilation of the published H-O-S isotope compositions of coeval Carlin-like gold deposits in the Youjiang basin suggests that the initial fluid may have had a magmatic origin. A general fluid δ18O drop may have occurred during the ore formation, and was likely attributed to the varying degree of fluid dilution. Taken together, the ore fluids may have mixed with the circulating basinal fluids at shallow depths, causing significant temperature and fO2 drop, which further lowered the stibnite solubility and triggered its precipitation (together with jasperoid and fluorite). At the late-ore stage, the lack of fluorite suggests that the basinal fluid incursion had waned, and the hydrothermal fluid was again dominantly magmatic-hydrothermal. Quartz veins/stockworks were developed in non-brecciated tuffaceous wallrocks and have disseminated sulfide mineralization. This, and the presence of CO2-rich fluid inclusions, could be caused by the dissolution of wallrock carbonate minerals by the magmatic-hydrothermal fluids. Therefore, we proposed that the mixing between magmatic-hydrothermal and basinal fluids had formed the early-ore Sb mineralization, whilst fluid-rock interactions had formed the varying fluid compositions and late-ore Au mineralization.
It is well known that the photosynthetic performance of a leaf is highly dependent on the systemic regulation from distal parts within a plant under light heterogeneity. However, there are few ...studies focusing on C4-specific processes. In the present study, two cultivars of maize (Zea mays L.), ‘Rongyu 1210’ (RY) and ‘Zhongdan 808’ (ZD), were treated with heterogeneous light (HL). The net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of newly developed leaves was found to increase in HL-treated RY, while it decreased in HL-treated ZD. Result also showed a negative correlation between the Pn and the content of malate, a key metabolite in C4 photosynthesis, in these two cultivars. In HL-treated ZD, malate content increased with a decline in the abundance of NADP-malic enzyme (EC 1.1.1.40), suggesting that less malate was decarboxylated. Moreover, a restriction of malate diffusion is proposed in HL-treated ZD, since the interface length between mesophyll cells (MC) and bundle sheath cells (BSC) decreased. In contrast, malate diffusion and subsequent decarboxylation in HL-treated RY should be stimulated, due to an increase in the abundance of NADP-malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.82) and a decline in the content of malate. In this case, malate diffusion from MC to BSC should be systemically stimulated, thereby facilitating C4 photosynthesis of a maize leaf in heterogeneous light. While if it is systemically restricted, C4 photosynthesis would be suppressed.
•There is a negative correlation between malate content and Pn in heterogeneous light.•The abundance of enzymes involved in malate metabolism is systemically regulated.•Anatomical structure for C4-malate diffusion has a response to heterogeneous light.
•Maize photosynthesis responds differently to light heterogeneity between cultivars.•Systemic regulation of carbon assimilation determines photosynthetic performance.•Carbohydrate export is closely ...related to photosynthesis under light heterogeneity.
Photosynthetic performance of a leaf is widely recognized to be systemically regulated by distal parts within the same plant. However, the effects of systemic regulation on different plant materials cannot be generalized. In this work, two cultivars of maize (Zea mays L.), ‘Rongyu 1210’ (RY) and ‘Zhongdan 808’ (ZD), were selected for a comparative study on the different responses of photosynthesis to light-dependent systemic regulation. After the growth of plants in heterogeneous light, the net photosynthetic rate of newly developed leaves increased in RY but decreased in ZD. A distinct capacity of CO2 fixation and assimilation between these two cultivars is also suggested. In ZD, the area of vascular bundles declined obviously, suggesting a restriction on carbohydrate export, which is also indicated by an increase in starch content. Resulting excessive accumulation of carbohydrates is proposed to inhibit the carbon assimilation, and eventually the photosynthesis. A decline in the area of bundle sheath cells also suggests a restriction on carbon assimilation. In contrast, these restrictions were unlikely to present in RY. This study reveals that the response of leaf photosynthetic performance to light heterogeneity is largely dependent on the systemic regulation of carbon assimilation, as well as carbohydrate export in maize.
Soybean (Glycine max L.) is an important food and oil crop widely planted by intercropping in southwest China. The shade caused by intercropping changes plant growth traits, such as soybean leaf and ...dry mass, thereby reducing yields. To improve the yield and elucidate the genetic mechanism of the leaf-related traits in intercropped soybeans, we measured the F
recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the cross of 'Nandou 12' and 'Jiuyuehuang' for six leaf-related traits under monoculture and relay intercropping in 2015 and 2016. We found 6366 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) markers that covered the whole genome of soybean distributed in 20 linkage groups, which spanned 2818.67 cM with an average interval of 0.44 cM between adjacent markers. Nineteen quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were detected in two environments in 2 years. Three candidate genes associated to leaf-related traits were found according to gene expression and GO enrichment analyses. These results revealed the susceptibility of leaf phenotype to shading and helped elucidate the mechanisms that control leaf-related traits.
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