•Crop establishment method and N management practices had significant effects on GHG emissions from soil.•Aerobic rice emitted 73–75% less CH4 as compared to continuously flooded rice.•Emissions of ...N2ON and CO2 were significantly higher in aerobic rice than continuously flooded rice.•Application of neem coated urea on the basis of customized leaf colour chart recommendation reduced GHGI by enhancing yield.
The comprehensive impacts of different nitrogen management and crop establishment on greenhouse (GHG) fluxes are not well documented. GHG emissions from rice paddies under different nitrogen management and crop establishment merit attention because nitrogen fertilizer is indiscriminately used for the intensification of rice cultivation. Field trials were conducted to assess methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, labile C pools, microbial population and enzymatic activities in rice soil under different crop establishment and nitrogen (N) management practices. The crop establishment methods included aerobic rice (AR) that involved dry direct seeding under non puddled and non-flooded situation and puddled transplanted rice (PTR) under flooded condition. Nitrogen management practices were control, 100kgNha−1 as prilled urea (PU) and applied conventionally, 100kgNha−1 as neem coated urea (NCU), applied conventionally, 100kgNha−1 as PU, applied on the basis of customized leaf colour chart (CLCC) recommendation, 100kgNha−1 as NCU, applied on the basis of CLCC recommendation, 100kgNha−1 as PU and farm yard manure (FYM) in 1:1 ratio, applied conventionally. Cumulative seasonal CH4 emission was 73–75% less in AR as compared to PTR. But seasonal N2O and CO2 emissions from soils were significantly higher in AR. Global warming potential of AR was comparatively less than PTR but yield loss in AR caused greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) of AR to be at par with that of PTR. Inclusion of FYM along with PU reduced N2O emission and maintained significantly higher (P≤0.05) microbial biomass carbon concentration, nitrifiers, Azotobacter and Azospirillum population and dehydrogenase, β-glucosidase and urease activities in soils of AR and PTR. Real time N application according to leaf colour chart and use of slow release N fertilizers can reduce N2O emission, minimize yield loss and lower GHGI of AR.
We investigated the prognostic role of TNF-alpha, IL-4 and IL-12 in a clinically well defined group of
Plasmodium falciparum
infected patients (
n
= 32) sequentially from Day 0 to Day 10 with a ...2 day interval along with a control group of 16 healthy volunteers of same range of age and sex. Infection with malaria is often fatal because mitochondria are unable to generate enough ATP to maintain normal cellular function. ATP deficiency arises in malaria due to an inability of mitochondria through the effects of inflammatory cytokines on their function, to utilize available oxygen. In our study TNF-alpha and IL-12 levels were significantly elevated but IL-4 level showed persistent decline in Day 0, but subsequent measurement in Day 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 showed persistent decline in levels of TNF-alpha and IL-12, an elevation in IL-4 levels which were associated with disease prognosis of the infected patients. These results again provide evidence that cytokines are very much a dominant partner in malaria pathogenesis with a specific prognostic role.
We investigated the role of IL-4, IL-12 and TNF-alpha in clinically well-defined groups of Plasmodium falciparum and vivax (Pf & Pv) infected patients belonging to Group I (++), Group II (+++) and ...Group III (+++). On the basis of hematological parameters, hyperparasitaemia, and evidence of neurological involvement, three different levels of severity were selected attributing a score from Group I (++) to Group III (+++). In each group 16 patients each of P. falciparum and P. vivax malaria were studied. As a control group for cytokine determination 30 healthy volunteers were included in the study. Serum samples were analyzed for IL-12, IL-4 and TNF-alpha using (ELISA) obtained commercially (Ray Biotech). Hb levels of Pf and Pv patients were 8 ± 1.94, 7.6 ± 1.64 g/dl and 3.6 ± 1.23 and 10.1 ± 1.21, 9.4 ± 1.43 and 7.1 ± 0.98 g/dl. Serum iron levels of Pf and Pv patients were 85.86 ± 0.86, 81.10 ± 0.70 and 70.1 ± 0.73 and 99.47 ± 0.85, 96.67 ± 1.13 and 91.7 ± 2.65 mg/dl. TNF-alpha levels of Pf and Pv patients were 155 ± 23.66, 307.5 ± 111.87 and 955 ± 261.32 and 72 ± 9.93, 140.88 ± 23.11 and 469.37 ± 416.99 pg/ml. IL-12 levels of Pf and Pv patients were 117.5 ± 8.16, 160.63 ± 20.81 and 293.13 ± 94.64 and 75.7 ± 9.25, 112.9 ± 12.05 and 200 ± 53.78 pg/ml. IL-4 levels of Pf and Pv patients were 3.7 ± 0.11, 3.2 ± 0.13 and 2.3 ± 0.63 and 5.33 ± 1.08, 4.8 ± 0.16 and 3.9 ± 0.48 pg/ml. In the control group the values of TNF-alpha, IL-12 and IL-4 were 42.9 ± 13.5, 49.8 ± 11.59 and 6.06 ± 1.32 pg/ml respectively. Cytokines and poor oxygen delivery should not be viewed as alternative theories of malarial disease pathophysiology instead poor oxygen delivery is one of the consequences of excessive release of inflammatory cytokines which is further augmented by the present work.
The microscale trickle bed reactor can be used for testing commercial size catalyst, if its inherent limitations, such as channeling, wall effect, and backmixing, are overcome by diluting the ...catalyst bed with a nonporous inert particles of suitable size. The effect of diluent size on the performance of a microscale trickle bed reactor, catalyst bed height, as well as on operating liquid holdup at different liquid hourly space velocities, has been studied in the present investigation. The proper size of diluent, which may be used for testing as low as 5 mL of commercial catalyst in a microreactor, has been identified experimentally. The results on the hydrodesulfurization of atmospheric gas oil obtained in the microreactor, using the suitable size of diluent were compared with the data generated in a bench scale unit. The activation energy calculated from both microreactor and bench-scale reactor rate data was 21 and 25 kcal/mol, respectively.
Background: Follicular fluid is in part exudates of serum and is also partially composed of locally produced substances, which are related to the metabolic activity of the follicular cells. The ...knowledge of the biochemical composition of follicular fluid can provide useful information about the requirements, growth and maturation of oocyte and which may be used as a provisional guide for formulating suitable culture media for in vitro cell culture and maturation in a particular species. Methods: Follicular fluid were aspirated from small follicles ( less than 3 mm; SF), medium follicles (3-5 mm; MF) and large follicles ( greater than 5 mm; LF). Blood samples were also collected for extraction of serum. Follicular fluid and serum samples were analyzed for biochemical constituents. Conclusion: It can be concluded that some biochemical constituents of follicular fluid such as glucose, cholesterol, total protein and globulin were higher in large follicles compared to small follicles. Moreover, serum levels of most of biochemical constituents were higher than their levels in different sizes of follicular fluid. This present investigation of comparative analysis of biochemical constituents between serum and ovarian follicles in Ganjam goat of Odisha will provide clues to researchers who work on reproductive physiology in different breeds of goat.
A series of titania-supported ruthenium–nickel bimetallic catalysts, with total metal loading of ∼4.5 wt.% in each, was prepared and characterized for various physico-chemical properties. The ...hydrogenation of carbon monoxide was studied over these catalysts in the temperature range of 483–493 K, weight hourly space velocity of 1.5 h
−1, H
2/CO mole ratio of 2, and at atmospheric pressure. The effects of ruthenium loading and pretreatment procedures on the hydrogenation activities of these catalysts and product selectivities were studied. The catalyst containing 3.6 wt.% Ni and 0.82 wt.% Ru produced highest proportion of C
5+ hydrocarbons (60 wt.%). High olefin selectivities (40 wt.% for C
2
= and 93 wt.% for C
3
=, respectively) were observed with catalysts containing only ruthenium (5 wt.%). The effect of metal–metal interaction in the bimetallic catalysts on product selectivities was also studied.
Zirconia supported nickel and cobalt-nickel bimetallic catalysts were prepared and characterized for various physico-chemical properties. The hydrogenation of carbon monoxide was studied over these ...catalysts in the pressure range of 101.3–1654kPa, temperature range of 513–533K, weight hourly space velocity range of 8–14h−1 and H2/CO mole ratio of 2. Catalysts containing both Co and Ni were found to give higher C5+ hydrocarbons selectivity compared to that containing only Ni. A maximum C5+ hydrocarbons selectivity of 55wt% was obtained at 655kPa pressure, 523K and 9.6h−1 of WHSV with catalyst containing 4.03wt% Co and 2.64wt% Ni. The C2 and C3 olefin contents of the products decreased with increase in pressure. Improved deactivation behavior of the catalysts was observed when operated at high pressure.
To assess the performance of the GenoType MTBDR
v1, a line-probe assay (LPA), to exclude baseline resistance to fluoroquinolones (FQs) and second-line injectables (SLIs) in the Standard Treatment ...Regimen of Anti-tuberculosis Drugs for Patients With MDR-TB 1 (STREAM 1) trial.
Direct sputum MTBDR
results in the site laboratories were compared to indirect phenotypic drug susceptibility testing (pDST) results in the central laboratory, with DNA sequencing as a reference standard.
Of 413 multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) patients tested using MTBDR
and pDST, 389 (94.2%) were FQ-susceptible and 7 (1.7%) FQ-resistant, while 17 (4.1%) had an inconclusive MTBDR
result. For SLI, 372 (90.1%) were susceptible, 5 (1.2%) resistant and 36 (8.7%) inconclusive. There were 9 (2.3%) FQ discordant pDST/MTBDR
results, of which 3 revealed a mutation and 5 (1.3%) SLI discordant pDST/MTBDR
results, none of which were mutants on sequencing. Among the 17 FQ- and SLI MTBDR
inconclusive samples, sequencing showed 1 FQ- and zero SLI-resistant results, similar to frequencies among the conclusive MTBDR
. The majority of inconclusive MTBDR
results were associated with low bacillary load samples (acid-fast bacilli smear-negative or scantily positive) compared to conclusive results (
< 0.001).
MTBDR
can facilitate the rapid exclusion of FQ and SLI resistances for enrolment in clinical trials.
The present study was aimed to document the effect of heat stress on the transcriptional abundance of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) mRNA in cultured cardiac cells of goat. The heart tissues (n = 6) ...from different goats were used for the culture study. The cardiac cells obtained from different heart tissues were cultured in 24 well cell culture plates and incubated in a humidified CO
2
(5%) incubator at 37 °C. The cardiac cells were allowed to become 75-80% confluent after 72 h of incubation. Thereafter, the cardiac cells were subjected to heat exposure at 42 °C (heat exposed) for 0, 20, 60 and 100 min. The cardiac cells exposed to heat stress at 42 °C for 0 min was taken as control. The relative abundance of HSP70 mRNA was gradually up-regulated (p < .05) from 20 to 100 min of heat exposure and reached the zenith (p < .05) at 100 min of heat challenge. The present finding highlights that, HSP70 could possibly act as a cytoprotective factor and may promote cardiac cell survival against the detrimental effect of heat stress. Moreover, this study may serve as the harbinger to conduct further research work on expression kinetics of HSP70 in cardiac cells of goat including other livestock species.
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