All eukaryotic organisms have evolved sophisticated immune systems to appropriately respond to biotic stresses. In plants and animals, a key part of this immune system is pattern recognition ...receptors (PRRs). Plant PRRs are cell-surface-localized receptor kinases (RKs) or receptor proteins (RPs) that sense microbe- or self-derived molecular patterns to regulate pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), a robust form of antimicrobial immunity. Remarkable progress has been made in understanding how PRRs perceive their ligands, form active protein complexes, initiate cell signaling, and ultimately coordinate the cellular reprogramming that leads to PTI. Here, we discuss the critical roles of PRR complex formation and phosphorylation in activating PTI signaling, as well as the emerging paradigm in which receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) act as executors of signaling downstream of PRR activation.
Plants possess a sophisticated multilayered immune system. DeFalco and Zipfel review the molecular mechanisms underpinning early immune signaling mediated by cell-surface pattern recognition receptors, with an emphasis on the roles of heteromeric protein complexes and phosphorylation in the activation and regulation of immune responses.
Ca2+ signals in plant immunity Köster, Philipp; DeFalco, Thomas A; Zipfel, Cyril
The EMBO journal,
14 June 2022, Volume:
41, Issue:
12
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Calcium ions function as a key second messenger ion in eukaryotes. Spatially and temporally defined cytoplasmic Ca2+ signals are shaped through the concerted activity of ion channels, exchangers, and ...pumps in response to diverse stimuli; these signals are then decoded through the activity of Ca2+‐binding sensor proteins. In plants, Ca2+ signaling is central to both pattern‐ and effector‐triggered immunity, with the generation of characteristic cytoplasmic Ca2+ elevations in response to potential pathogens being common to both. However, despite their importance, and a long history of scientific interest, the transport proteins that shape Ca2+ signals and their integration remain poorly characterized. Here, we discuss recent work that has both shed light on and deepened the mysteries of Ca2+ signaling in plant immunity.
This review summarizes how calcium ions, and the proteins which transport them, are integrated into plant immune responses.
Recent work has expanded our understanding of the roles of cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (CNGCs) in plant signaling. In this spotlight article, we discuss advances and future perspectives in ...determining how CNGCs mediate calcium signaling in response to diverse stimuli.
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