Multidentate 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid (organic linker), Zn (II) based Zn-BTC has been synthesized via electrochemical method. Quantitative and Qualitative analyses of synthesized metal–organic ...framework (MOF) have been done using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, Energy Dispersive X- Ray Spectroscopy (EDS), and Photoluminescence (PL). Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) have been used for crystallographic and morphological & topographical analyses, respectively. Crystallographic studies confirm the formation of face-centered cubic (fcc) crystal structure with good crystallinity. Photo-catalytic activity of synthesized MOF has been tested using Methylene Blue (MB) dye as a test contaminant in aqueous media under sunlight irradiation. Recorded results reveal that the synthesized MOF efficiently degrade MB dye upto 96% under sunlight exposure after 270 min. Photoluminescence studies indicate that Zn-BTC could be used as an efficient material for sensing of nitroaromatic compounds (NACs): 4-Nitroaniline (4-NA), 2-Nitroaniline (2-NA), 3- Nitroaniline (3-NA), 2,4-Dinitrotoulene (2,4-DNT), 4-Nitrotoulene (4-NT) in N,N’-Dimethylformamide (DMF) by fluorescence quenching and shows maximum quenching efficiency towards 3-NA (72.80%). Notably, the variation in luminescence intensity of 3-NA@Zn-BTC shows a linear relationship over its different concentrations from 0–1000 ppb range with K
SV
= 2.7 × 10
4
M
−1
and R
2
= 0.9924 with limit of detection 0.889 ppb (6.43 µM) (LOD). The possible ways of luminescence quenching are successfully explained by the combination of Photoinduced Electron Transfer (PET) and Resonance Energy Transfer (RET) mechanisms. Additionally, the Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations have been employed to support the experimental results. Zn-BTC fully demonstrates the power of a multi component MOF, which provides a feasible pathway for the design of novel material towards fast responding luminescence sensing and photocatalytic degradation of pollutants.
Graphical Abstract
The depth-wise depletion of soil organic carbon (OC), macro, micro, and secondary nutrients under the rice-wheat system has resulted in multi-nutrient deficiencies and a decline in crop productivity, ...emphasizing the replacement of rice-wheat with alternate cropping systems like maize-wheat, cotton-wheat, soybean-wheat, and moongbean-wheat to restore soil fertility and productivity. Long-term investigations (since 2016) revealed that there was a depth-wise decline in pH, EC, OC, and nutrients in soil profile (Udic Ustrochept, Inceptisols) among different cropping systems. The practice of deep-rooted cropping systems (maize-wheat and cotton-wheat) led to maximum OC, soluble calcium, and magnesium, while legume-based systems (especially soybean-wheat) led to maximum available phosphorus (30.86 kg ha
−1
), boron (0.49 mg kg
−1
), and DTPA-zinc (1.82 mg kg
−1
) in soil profile (0-120 cm). This system also led to the maximum surface soil OC, available phosphorus, soluble magnesium, DTPA-zinc, and boron. From the production point of view, soybean-wheat system (115.65 q ha
−1
) led to higher system grain productivity as compared to rice-wheat system (109.60 q ha
−1
). Therefore, the practice of alternative cropping systems like soybean-wheat and cotton-wheat helps in the build-up of nutrient status by playing a pivotal role in influencing the surface and depth-wise distribution of organic carbon and nutrients in the soil.
•Entisol had the higher DTPA extractable trace metals, followed by Inceptisol and Aridisol.•Forest and horticulture systems reported the highest micronutrient content.•Among all soil orders, the ...amount of trace metals decreased as soil depth increased.•Organic carbon concentration has a significantly positive impact on the available trace metals.•Micronutrient level of various soil orders was influenced by parent material, land use systems and management.
Trace metal deficiency has become a major constraint on the productivity and sustainability of soils. Agriculture becomes more complex, advanced and intensive farming systems develop, however, the deficiency of trace metal are more frequent and extensive in different systems.
This study investigated the variation of trace metal minerals in soil profiles of diverse land use systems (LUSs), i.e. agriculture, horticulture and forestry, falling under three dominant soil orders (Entisol, Inceptisol and Aridisol) in Malwa region of Punjab. Through comprehensive analyses, we explore the intricate relationships between soil characteristics, land use practices, and the distribution of key trace metals—namely zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn).
The mean values of DTPA-extractable trace metal from soil profiles of different land uses varied from 1.75 to 2.09, 1.64–2.32, 1.18–1.69 mg kg−1 for Zn; 0.59–1.02, 0.59–0.99, 0.64–0.92 mg kg−1 for Cu; 12.12–16.49, 9.84–16.05, 7.94–11.56 mg kg−1 for Fe; 7.82–9.99, 4.66–9.39, 6.51–7.46 mg kg−1for Mn in soil orders Entisol, Inceptisol and Aridisol, respectively. The concentration of trace metals in different soil orders follows the pattern of ntisol>Inceptisol>Aridisol. In contrast, there is a considerable amount of variation and no discernible pattern in the distribution of trace metals under various LUSs in each soil order. Several LUSs were examined, and agriculture land use system (ALUS) had the greatest Fe and Mn content, while the horticulture land use system (HLUS) had the highest Zn and Cu content. The Irrespective of soil orders and LUSs, the concentration of trace metals decreased as soil depth increased. Diverse LUSs and management practices have a substantial impact on the physico-chemical characteristics of soils, which in turn influence the availability of trace metals. According to the Pearson correlation studies, trace metals were positively associated with soil OC and negatively associated with soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and there was also a positive correlation between DTPA-Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn in the investigated soils. The results of the principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that soil CaCO3 and organic carbon (OC) content were the most variable soil parameters influencing crop trace metal availability in different soil orders and land use systems.
The findings contribute to a nuanced understanding of the dynamic interplay between soil properties and land use, providing valuable insights for sustainable agricultural practices and environmental management in the region.
Automatic detection and prediction of falls specifically in elderly population who live alone can prevent untoward incidents by taking action at appropriate time. Validating these automated systems ...requires a labeled dataset. The available datasets are mostly based on inertial features. A health-related concern may also be a reason behind a fall. Considering physiological features along with inertial features can increase the accuracy of the system. In this paper, a labeled multiclass dataset is presented based on physiological and Inertial features of the body (PIF v2). Two trials are performed by each participant. The participants are young as well as elderly performing activities and falls in real-time using the prototype containing various sensors designed for collecting inertial as well as physiological features. Two trials are performed by each participant. 27 subjects (15 males and 12 females) between the age 10 years to 75 years participated in data collection. A detailed comparison between PIF v1 where the data were collected individually using each sensor and PIF v2 is given along with statistical analysis of PIF v2. The statistical analysis of various features with a t-test shows that the different activities and falls can be differentiated using inertial as well as physiological features.
The impact of different soil orders and land use systems on the distribution of physico-chemical properties is the most critical matter to address in order to maintain sustainable agricultural ...production. Hence, the present investigation was carried out to study the variation in the physico-chemical characteristics of soil in diverse land use systems (LUSs), i.e., agriculture, horticulture, and forestry, under major soil orders (entisol, inceptisol, and alfisol) in the Majha region of Punjab. A total of 225 depth-wise (at 0–20 cm, 20–40 cm, 40–60 cm, 60–80 cm and 80–100 cm) soil samples were collected from three land-use systems under different soil orders. The mean values of the physico-chemical properties ranged from 6.80–7.50, 7.64–8.34 and 6.94–7.87 for pH; 0.13–0.42, 0.19–0.54 and 0.19–0.46 dS m−1 for EC; 0.14–0.99, 0.21–0.69 and 0.15–0.72% for OC; 0.75–2.07, 1.07–3.32 and 0.93–2.29% for CaCO3; 7.77–41.84, 10.56–40.23 and 7.24–39.51 kg ha−1 for P; and 98.37–334.68, 94.51–230.18 and 93.01–367.39 kg ha−1 for K under different land uses in soil orders entisols, inceptisols and alfisols, respectively. Soil parameters including pH, CaCO3, and phosphorus (P) distribution differed significantly among soil orders; however, soil EC, organic carbon (OC) and available potassium (K) did not. The inceptisols under the agricultural land use system (ALUS) had the highest soil pH, EC, and CaCO3 values. The highest soil OC content was found in entisols under forest land use systems (FLUS), followed by horticultural land use systems (HLUS). The highest values of soil-available phosphorous (P) were found in FLUS under inceptisols, while the highest amounts of soil-available potassium (K) were found in entisols and alfisols under ALUS and FLUS, respectively. Thus, the distribution of physico-chemical properties under different LUSs in each soil order is highly variable and does not follow any particular trend. In general, soil properties such as OC, P, and K content decreased with an increase in soil depth, while pH and CaCO3 values increased with depth in all land uses and soil orders. There was a positive correlation between soil OC and EC, as well as available P and K in the soils investigated. The available P and K are negatively correlated with soil pH and CaCO3 content in the soil. The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that soil pH and OC were the most variable soil parameters, which influence the availability of other physico-chemical properties under different soil orders and land use systems. Therefore, it is suggested that the land use systems play an important role in the distribution of physico-chemical properties of soil in different soil orders. The results of the study will help students, researchers, and agricultural management staff in managing different land uses for maintaining soil fertility and productivity in alluvial soils of North-western India.
Beneficial response of application of fertilizer enriched press mud @ 15 t ha
−1
, rice straw compost @ 6 t ha
−1
, poultry manure @ 6 t ha
−1
and farmyard manure @ 15 t ha
−1
to rice crop was ...reported in the field investigation at farm research area, Department of Soil Science, PAU Ludhiana, India. The results of our study reported that rice grain (70.6 q ha
−1
) and straw (116.7 q ha
−1
) yield were significantly higher under 100% RDF (Recommended dose of fertilizers) + poultry manure and 75% RDF + press mud treatments, respectively, whereas, wheat grain (79.9 q ha
−1
) and straw (128.8 q ha
−1
) yield were found to be significantly higher with 100% RDF + farmyard manure treatment. Poultry manure and press mud treatments resulted in higher uptake of macronutrients and micronutrients in rice grain and straw. The maximum uptake of macronutrients and micronutrients in wheat grain and straw were recorded with treatments receiving farmyard manure. Results supported that use of manures either alone or in combination with chemical fertilizers is very important for enrichment of chemical composition of grain and straw of rice and wheat and for sustaining crop productivity.
The purpose of present study was to assess soil quality under different agricultural-based cropping systems which otherwise has been depleted by the long-term practice of rice–wheat (R-W) system. ...Presently, there is a need to diversify the predominant rice–wheat cropping system with more remunerative leguminous crops to improve soil quality and crop productivity. With this consideration, the present investigation was carried out at Research Farm Area, PAU, Ludhiana to assess the soil quality as affected by long-term practice (since 2016) of six different cropping systems, viz., rice–wheat, maize–wheat, cotton–wheat, mung bean–raya, mung bean–wheat, and soybean–wheat. From the cropping systems, the soil samples were analyzed for soil organic carbon (SOC), macro, micro, and secondary nutrients using standard methodologies. Soil quality index under different cropping systems was computed using soil organic carbon (SOC), macro, micro, and secondary nutrients. Then, the soil quality index was correlated with system productivity to evaluate the effect of soil quality on the productivity of different cropping systems. The outcomes of results revealed that there was significant variation in surface (SOC, Olsen P, micronutrients (DTPA-Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu)) and available B using azomethine under different cropping systems. The long-term practice of different cropping systems led to changes in soil quality index (SQI) where soybean–wheat system led to the maximum SQI values (0.82) which resulted in higher system productivity followed by cotton–wheat system (0.81). Traditionally cultivated rice–wheat system resulted in the minimum SQI values (0.77) due to significant losses in SOC and nutrients, thereby decreasing its productivity. Among various soil parameters, the best four indicators (SOC, EC, available P, and K) were selected to interpret SQI values under different cropping systems. Soybean–wheat system resulted in maintaining higher SQI and crop productivity, thereby indicating the promising long-term effects of inclusion of leguminous crops in the main cropping systems. SOC resulted in an explanation of the maximum variability of the data set, suggesting it to be the most pragmatic and key important indicator to assess soil quality. Hence, diversification of R-W system with leguminous crops in the main cropping systems like soybean and mung bean is the prime need of sustainability of agricultural systems to promote soil quality and retain the productive capacity of soil in the long run.
