•PN emissions of Euro 6 gasoline and CNG vehicles in the size ranges 10nm and higher.•Comparisons at different sampling locations.•Analysis of particle emission in different operating conditions ...including cold start.•Comparisons among DI and MPI injection systems in terms of particle emissions.•Correlation of the particle emissions to the rated power displacement ratio of the engines.
Current particle number (PN) emission limits set by regulation, involve counted particles with a dimension >23 nm. The measurement procedure is specified and involves the dilution of the exhaust gas in a so-called constant volume sampling (CVS) device. Research efforts are concentrating in the further development of existing measurement techniques in order to capture smaller particles down to 10 nm, given their higher health threatening potential.
In the present study, six state of art, Euro 6, gasoline vehicles and in addition, one compressed natural gas (CNG) light duty vehicle, have been measured on the chassis dynamometer during different test cycles. Three particle sampling lines have been used, two in parallel at the CVS, counting particles >23 nm and 10 nm, and a third one directly at the tailpipe of the vehicle. The results allow a detailed evaluation of the emitted PNs. In addition, differences in the emissions patterns of the direct fuel injection (DI) and multi point port injection (MPI) gasoline vehicles could be identified. During cold starts, particles have been separated in distinctive size classes in order to obtain relevant number-size distributions.
Counting particles >10 nm resulted in roughly doubling the PN emissions in respect to those when counting particles >23 nm. This relation holds for all examined driving cycles. PNs measured at the CVS where significantly higher than at the tailpipe, especially when capturing also the smaller particles. The CVS could be identified contributing to the increase of the registered particle numbers during cycle parts with no or very low engine particle emissions.
Lowest PN emissions have been measured in combination with the CNG vehicle. The differences between DI and MPI gasoline vehicles have been significantly lower than expected from previous studies. While the MPI gasoline vehicles have been identified to emit more PN during cold start, the DI vehicles emit larger numbers during high engine loads. During cold starts, higher emissions of smallest particles have been evident.
The increased rated power to displacement ratio of modern engines, based on the current “downsizing” trend, shows a good correlation with the PN emissions.
We review lattice results related to pion, kaon, D- and B-meson physics with the aim of making them easily accessible to the particle-physics community. More specifically, we report on the ...determination of the light-quark masses, the form factor \f_+(0)\, arising in the semileptonic \K \rightarrow \pi \ transition at zero momentum transfer, as well as the decay constant ratio \f_K/f_\pi \ and its consequences for the CKM matrix elements \V_{us}\ and \V_{ud}\. Furthermore, we describe the results obtained on the lattice for some of the low-energy constants of \SU(2)_L\times SU(2)_R\ and \SU(3)_L\times SU(3)_R\ Chiral Perturbation Theory. We review the determination of the \B_K\ parameter of neutral kaon mixing as well as the additional four B parameters that arise in theories of physics beyond the Standard Model. The latter quantities are an addition compared to the previous review. For the heavy-quark sector, we provide results for \m_c\ and \m_b\ (also new compared to the previous review), as well as those for D- and B-meson-decay constants, form factors, and mixing parameters. These are the heavy-quark quantities most relevant for the determination of CKM matrix elements and the global CKM unitarity-triangle fit. Finally, we review the status of lattice determinations of the strong coupling constant \\alpha _s\.
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•An integral design approach for new generation catalysts’ is proposed.•Numerical study of mass transfer in different polyhedral lattices is performed.•Open cell polyhedral lattices ...have higher mass transfer than honeycombs.•The optimal cell is Cubic45 with low strut diameter and high porosity.•Tests in a gas flow reactor confirm numerical simulations results.
Polyhedral open cell lattice catalyst substrates are proposed based on results of numerical simulations and recent advances in Additive Manufacturing (AM) techniques.
Detailed simulations have compared different polyhedral structures in terms of mass transfer (aiming at optimal reactivity in the mass transfer limited domain) and flow through resistance. The simulations have taken into account dimensional limits given by the possibilities of AM techniques. Comparisons with state of art honeycombs have also been used in order to identify the optimal shape.
Substrates with these optimal characteristics have been manufactured out of Al2O3 with Stereolithography. Subsequently, these substrates have been coated and used for measurements of C3H6 oxidation in a model gas reactor. Measurements have focused in determining oxidation efficiency at different gas hourly space velocities as well as light-off behaviour.
Simulation results show that the optimal open cell structures are comprised by a cubic elementary cell rotated by 45° so that one spatial diagonal of the cube is aligned to the main gas flow. Higher porosities and smaller strut diameters improve the reactivity to pressure drop trade off. However, given the current manufacturing limitations, it is not possible to produce structures with strut diameter lower than 0.5 mm. This results in high porosity but low specific surface area (i.e. ε = 0.95 and Sv = 400 m2/m3). Thus, reaching a target conversion requires higher overall catalyst volume. The simulations show that for a series of geometrical parameters the open cell structures can reach identical conversion in respect to the honeycombs with only a fraction of the overall surface area and thus a fraction of the noble metals, while the overall dimensions are in the same order of magnitude and the pressure drop can reach lower levels.
Measurements in the model gas reactor confirm the mass transfer advantages of the polyhedral structures as predicted by the simulations. Measurements also show that the polyhedral lattices have very similar light-off behaviour in spite the four times lower surface area.
We present results on the light, strange and charm nucleon scalar and tensor charges from lattice QCD, using simulations with Nf=2 flavors of twisted mass clover-improved fermions with a physical ...value of the pion mass. Both connected and disconnected contributions are included, enabling us to extract the isoscalar, strange and charm charges for the first time directly at the physical point. Furthermore, the renormalization is computed nonperturbatively for both isovector and isoscalar quantities. We investigate excited state effects by analyzing several sink-source time separations and by employing a set of methods to probe ground state dominance. Our final results for the scalar charges are gSu=5.20(42)(15)(12), gSd=4.27(26)(15)(12), gSs=0.33(7)(1)(4), and gSc=0.062(13)(3)(5) and for the tensor charges gTu=0.794(16)(2)(13), gTd=−0.210(10)(2)(13), gTs=0.00032(24)(0), and gTc=0.00062(85)(0) in the MS¯ scheme at 2 GeV. The first error is statistical, the second is the systematic error due to the renormalization and the third the systematic arising from estimating the contamination due to the excited states, when our data are precise enough to probe the first excited state.
FLAG Review 2019 Aoki, S.; Aoki, Y.; Bečirević, D. ...
The European physical journal. C, Particles and fields,
02/2020, Volume:
80, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
We review lattice results related to pion, kaon,
D
-meson,
B
-meson, and nucleon physics with the aim of making them easily accessible to the nuclear and particle physics communities. More ...specifically, we report on the determination of the light-quark masses, the form factor
f
+
(
0
)
arising in the semileptonic
K
→
π
transition at zero momentum transfer, as well as the decay constant ratio
f
K
/
f
π
and its consequences for the CKM matrix elements
V
us
and
V
ud
. Furthermore, we describe the results obtained on the lattice for some of the low-energy constants of
S
U
(
2
)
L
×
S
U
(
2
)
R
and
S
U
(
3
)
L
×
S
U
(
3
)
R
Chiral Perturbation Theory. We review the determination of the
B
K
parameter of neutral kaon mixing as well as the additional four
B
parameters that arise in theories of physics beyond the Standard Model. For the heavy-quark sector, we provide results for
m
c
and
m
b
as well as those for
D
- and
B
-meson decay constants, form factors, and mixing parameters. These are the heavy-quark quantities most relevant for the determination of CKM matrix elements and the global CKM unitarity-triangle fit. We review the status of lattice determinations of the strong coupling constant
α
s
. Finally, in this review we have added a new section reviewing results for nucleon matrix elements of the axial, scalar and tensor bilinears, both isovector and flavor diagonal.
We compute the nucleon axial and induced pseudoscalar form factors using three ensembles of gauge configurations, generated with dynamical light quarks with mass tuned to approximately their physical ...value. One of the ensembles also includes the strange and charm quarks with their mass close to physical. The latter ensemble has large statistics and finer lattice spacing and it is used to obtain final results, while the other two are used for assessing volume effects. The pseudoscalar form factor is also computed using these ensembles. We examine the momentum dependence of these form factors as well as relations based on pion pole dominance and the partially conserved axial-vector current hypothesis.
FLAG Review 2019 Aoki, S; Aoki, Y; Bečirević, D ...
The European physical journal. C, Particles and fields,
02/2020, Volume:
80, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
We review lattice results related to pion, kaon, D-meson, B-meson, and nucleon physics with the aim of making them easily accessible to the nuclear and particle physics communities. More ...specifically, we report on the determination of the light-quark masses, the form factor f+(0) arising in the semileptonic K→π transition at zero momentum transfer, as well as the decay constant ratio fK/fπ and its consequences for the CKM matrix elements Vus and Vud. Furthermore, we describe the results obtained on the lattice for some of the low-energy constants of SU(2)L×SU(2)R and SU(3)L×SU(3)R Chiral Perturbation Theory. We review the determination of the BK parameter of neutral kaon mixing as well as the additional four B parameters that arise in theories of physics beyond the Standard Model. For the heavy-quark sector, we provide results for mc and mb as well as those for D- and B-meson decay constants, form factors, and mixing parameters. These are the heavy-quark quantities most relevant for the determination of CKM matrix elements and the global CKM unitarity-triangle fit. We review the status of lattice determinations of the strong coupling constant αs. Finally, in this review we have added a new section reviewing results for nucleon matrix elements of the axial, scalar and tensor bilinears, both isovector and flavor diagonal.
We review lattice results related to pion, kaon,
D
- and
B
-meson physics with the aim of making them easily accessible to the particle-physics community. More specifically, we report on the ...determination of the light-quark masses, the form factor
f
+
(
0
)
, arising in the semileptonic
K
→
π
transition at zero momentum transfer, as well as the decay constant ratio
f
K
/
f
π
and its consequences for the CKM matrix elements
V
u
s
and
V
u
d
. Furthermore, we describe the results obtained on the lattice for some of the low-energy constants of
S
U
(
2
)
L
×
S
U
(
2
)
R
and
S
U
(
3
)
L
×
S
U
(
3
)
R
Chiral Perturbation Theory. We review the determination of the
B
K
parameter of neutral kaon mixing as well as the additional four
B
parameters that arise in theories of physics beyond the Standard Model. The latter quantities are an addition compared to the previous review. For the heavy-quark sector, we provide results for
m
c
and
m
b
(also new compared to the previous review), as well as those for
D
- and
B
-meson-decay constants, form factors, and mixing parameters. These are the heavy-quark quantities most relevant for the determination of CKM matrix elements and the global CKM unitarity-triangle fit. Finally, we review the status of lattice determinations of the strong coupling constant
α
s
.
Investigation of ash PM deposited in a diesel particulate filter (DPF) operating on a light truck by means of SEM and TEM reveals the following: ash inside the DPF occurs in form of chemically very ...inhomogeneous, mostly brittle agglomerates accumulated at the plugged ends of inlet channels and deposited directly on the inlet channel walls all along the filter length. Ash agglomerates occur within pores of the channel walls. A minor part of ash PM may escape to the atmosphere. The individual ash phases are mostly crystalline with round outlines and sizes between ca. 170 and 60 nm, down to 7–12 nm, that is far below the breathable size range PM10. Aggregation of the predominantly finest fraction of ash particles leads to densification, which may translate to fewer breakouts from the DPF. EDX mapping and chemical analyses of the bulk ash reveal that ash consists mainly of Ca, Mg, P, Zn, S, O and minor Fe, Al and Si. Based on TEM diffraction data of ash single phases, combined with data on their chemistry, the diversity of ash phases is higher than previously presumed. Comparison with the ash particles of a heavily used DPF from a passenger car operating with Fe-based fuel-borne additives reveals characteristics very similar to those found for the light truck DPF with a tendency to generally lower sizes of the participating phases, mostly between 30 and 60 nm. 4–40 nm large, locally abundant Pt particles deriving from the coating material of the diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) upstream the DPF occur within ash agglomerates of both DPFs. Ash collected from the exhaust gas at the exit of the light truck DPF under normal engine operation reveals that some fine particles, as well as a few of the larger (200–600 nm) ash-bearing agglomerates escape filtration. Very fine ash particles are reaching the atmosphere also attached onto soot agglomerates.
► Ash agglomerates, up to a few μm large, escape filtration and reach the ambient air. ► The size of individual ash phases goes down to a few nanometers, far below PM10. ► Part of the finest ash particulates form larger aggregates and may thus be trapped by DPFs. ► Ash microscopic characteristics are independent of aftertreatment conditions and engine loading. ► Pt particles (4–40 nm) deriving from the oxidation catalyst surface may reach ambient air.
We present a lattice QCD calculation of the up, down, strange and charm quark masses performed using the gauge configurations produced by the European Twisted Mass Collaboration with Nf=2+1+1 ...dynamical quarks, which include in the sea, besides two light mass degenerate quarks, also the strange and charm quarks with masses close to their physical values. The simulations are based on a unitary setup for the two light quarks and on a mixed action approach for the strange and charm quarks. The analysis uses data at three values of the lattice spacing and pion masses in the range 210–450 MeV, allowing for accurate continuum limit and controlled chiral extrapolation. The quark mass renormalization is carried out non-perturbatively using the RI′-MOM method. The results for the quark masses converted to the MS¯ scheme are: mud(2 GeV)=3.70(17) MeV, ms(2 GeV)=99.6(4.3) MeV and mc(mc)=1.348(46) GeV. We obtain also the quark mass ratios ms/mud=26.66(32) and mc/ms=11.62(16). By studying the mass splitting between the neutral and charged kaons and using available lattice results for the electromagnetic contributions, we evaluate mu/md=0.470(56), leading to mu=2.36(24) MeV and md=5.03(26) MeV.
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